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<H1><A NAME="SECTION008400000000000000000">
6.4 <tt class="module">stat</tt> --
Interpreting <tt class="function">stat()</tt> results</A>
</H1>
<P>
<P>
The <tt class="module">stat</tt> module defines constants and functions for
interpreting the results of <tt class="function">os.stat()</tt>,
<tt class="function">os.fstat()</tt> and <tt class="function">os.lstat()</tt> (if they exist). For
complete details about the <tt class="cfunction">stat()</tt>, <tt class="cfunction">fstat()</tt> and
<tt class="cfunction">lstat()</tt> calls, consult the documentation for your system.
<P>
The <tt class="module">stat</tt> module defines the following functions to test for
specific file types:
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-1061'><tt class='function'>S_ISDIR</tt></a></b> (<var>mode</var>)
<dd>
Return non-zero if the mode is from a directory.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-1062'><tt class='function'>S_ISCHR</tt></a></b> (<var>mode</var>)
<dd>
Return non-zero if the mode is from a character special device file.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-1063'><tt class='function'>S_ISBLK</tt></a></b> (<var>mode</var>)
<dd>
Return non-zero if the mode is from a block special device file.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-1064'><tt class='function'>S_ISREG</tt></a></b> (<var>mode</var>)
<dd>
Return non-zero if the mode is from a regular file.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-1065'><tt class='function'>S_ISFIFO</tt></a></b> (<var>mode</var>)
<dd>
Return non-zero if the mode is from a FIFO (named pipe).
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-1066'><tt class='function'>S_ISLNK</tt></a></b> (<var>mode</var>)
<dd>
Return non-zero if the mode is from a symbolic link.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-1067'><tt class='function'>S_ISSOCK</tt></a></b> (<var>mode</var>)
<dd>
Return non-zero if the mode is from a socket.
</dl>
<P>
Two additional functions are defined for more general manipulation of
the file's mode:
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-1068'><tt class='function'>S_IMODE</tt></a></b> (<var>mode</var>)
<dd>
Return the portion of the file's mode that can be set by
<tt class="function">os.chmod()</tt>--that is, the file's permission bits, plus the
sticky bit, set-group-id, and set-user-id bits (on systems that support
them).
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-1069'><tt class='function'>S_IFMT</tt></a></b> (<var>mode</var>)
<dd>
Return the portion of the file's mode that describes the file type (used
by the <tt class="function">S_IS*()</tt> functions above).
</dl>
<P>
Normally, you would use the <tt class="function">os.path.is*()</tt> functions for
testing the type of a file; the functions here are useful when you are
doing multiple tests of the same file and wish to avoid the overhead of
the <tt class="cfunction">stat()</tt> system call for each test. These are also
useful when checking for information about a file that isn't handled
by <tt class='module'><a href="module-os.path.html" tppabs="http://www.python.org/doc/current/lib/module-os.path.html">os.path</a></tt>, like the tests for block and character
devices.
<P>
All the variables below are simply symbolic indexes into the 10-tuple
returned by <tt class="function">os.stat()</tt>, <tt class="function">os.fstat()</tt> or
<tt class="function">os.lstat()</tt>.
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-1070'><tt>ST_MODE</tt></a></b>
<dd>
Inode protection mode.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-1071'><tt>ST_INO</tt></a></b>
<dd>
Inode number.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-1072'><tt>ST_DEV</tt></a></b>
<dd>
Device inode resides on.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-1073'><tt>ST_NLINK</tt></a></b>
<dd>
Number of links to the inode.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-1074'><tt>ST_UID</tt></a></b>
<dd>
User id of the owner.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-1075'><tt>ST_GID</tt></a></b>
<dd>
Group id of the owner.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-1076'><tt>ST_SIZE</tt></a></b>
<dd>
File size in bytes.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-1077'><tt>ST_ATIME</tt></a></b>
<dd>
Time of last access.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-1078'><tt>ST_MTIME</tt></a></b>
<dd>
Time of last modification.
</dl>
<P>
<dl><dt><b><a name='l2h-1079'><tt>ST_CTIME</tt></a></b>
<dd>
Time of last status change (see manual pages for details).
</dl>
<P>
Example:
<P>
<dl><dd><pre class="verbatim">
import os, sys
from stat import *
def walktree(dir, callback):
'''recursively descend the directory rooted at dir,
calling the callback function for each regular file'''
for f in os.listdir(dir):
pathname = '%s/%s' % (dir, f)
mode = os.stat(pathname)[ST_MODE]
if S_ISDIR(mode):
# It's a directory, recurse into it
walktree(pathname, callback)
elif S_ISREG(mode):
# It's a file, call the callback function
callback(pathname)
else:
# Unknown file type, print a message
print 'Skipping %s' % pathname
def visitfile(file):
print 'visiting', file
if __name__ == '__main__':
walktree(sys.argv[1], visitfile)
</pre></dl>
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