http:^^www.cs.washington.edu^homes^jdreese^tcas-ii-description.htm

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Date: Tue, 10 Dec 1996 14:20:39 GMTServer: NCSA/1.4.2Content-type: text/htmlLast-modified: Mon, 26 Feb 1996 05:46:35 GMTContent-length: 4911<HTML><HEAD><TITLE>A Brief Introduction to TCAS II</TITLE><!-- Created by: Jon Damon Reese, 21-Jan-1996 --><!-- Changed by: Jon Damon Reese, 25-Feb-1996 --></HEAD><body bgcolor="#b2c7df"  text="#000000"  link="#9600d3"       vlink="#00008a" alink="#000000"><H1>A Brief Introduction to TCAS II</H1><UL><BR><LI> An edited excerpt from<EM>Introduction to TCAS II</EM>,U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration,March 1990:<blockquote><P>After many years of extensive analysis, development, and flightevaluation by the Federal Aviation Administration and the aviationindustry, a solution is available to the problem of reducing the riskof midair collisions between aircraft.  This solution is known as theTraffic Alert and Collision Avoidance System (TCAS).<P>TCAS is a family of airborne devices that function independently of theground-based air traffic control (ATC) system, and provide collision avoidance protection for a borad spectrum of aircraft types.<P>TCAS I provides proximity warning only, to assist the pilot in thevisual acquisition of intruder aircraft.  It is intended for use bysmaller commuter aircraft and by general aviation aircraft.<P>TCAS II provides traffic advisories and resolution advisories(recommended escape maneuvers) in a vertical direction to avoidconflicting traffic.  Airline aircraft, and larger commuter andbusiness aircraft, use TCAS II equipment.<P>TCAS III, which is still under development, will provide trafficadvisories and resolution advisories in the horizontal as well as thevertical direction to avoid conflicting traffic.<P>The TCAS concept makes use of the radar beacon transpondersroutinely carried by aircraft for ground ATC purposes.  The level ofprotection provided by TCAS equipment depends on the type oftransponder the target aircraft is carrying.  It should be noted thatTCAS provides no protection against aircraft that do not have anoperating transponder.</blockquote><BR><LI> A sample display (obtained from <AHREF="http://www.caasd.org/atca1994/NSCBrochures/html/TCASII.html">here</A>).The little white cross in the lower-middle of the display is theaircraft that this display is on.  The little red square at starboardis another aircraft that TCAS II has issued a resolution advisory on,<I>i.e.</I>, it is considered a ``threat''.  The <TT>+03</TT> over thethreat indicates that the threat is 300 feet above this aircraft.  Thisvisual resolution advisory is accompanied by an aural advisory, such as``Descend, Descend.''<P><blockquote><IMG NAME="TCAS II Display" ALIGN=CENTER SRC="images/TCAS_Display.jpg"></blockquote><BR><LI> TCAS II was originally specified by a <EM>Minimal OperationalPerformance Standard</EM>, abbreviated as--you guessed it--MOPS.  TheMOPS is composed of two volumes.  Volume I is a textual description ofthe overall system, including hardware and communications algorithms.Volume II defines the collision-avoidance logic, and is a combinationof textual description and pseudocode (called <B>E</B>), the textdescribing the code.  The pseudocode is actually divided into``high-level'' and ``low-level'' logic, so the logic is presented inthree different ways.  The text and high-level logic are notrigorously defined, so the low-level logic is the standard with whichavionics manufacturers must comply.  Here is an example of TCAS IIlow-level logic:<PRE><U>PROCESS</U> No_weaken_test;    <U>IF</U> (WL.STATUS <U>NE</U> $NEW)        <U>THEN</U> <U>IF</U> (ITF.REVERSE <U>EQ</U> $TRUE)                   <U>THEN</U> NOWEAKEN_TIME = P.TRVSNOWEAK;                   <U>ELSE</U> NOWEAKEN_TIME = P.TNOWEAK;             <U>IF</U> (EVAL(TF.PERMTENT) <U>LE</U> EVAL(OWNTENT))                  <U>THEN</U> <U>IF</U> (ITF.TAUR <U>GT</U> MAX(P.STROFIR, P.FRTHR(ITF.LEV,ITF.IFIRM))                             <U>THEN</U> OWNTENT = TF.PERMTENT;             <U>ELSEIF</U> (TF.PERMTENT(4,5) <U>EQ</U> '10')                   <U>THEN</U> <U>CALL</U> CHECK_PROJECTION                          <U>IN</U> (ITF.RZ, G.ALIM, OWNTENT)                          <U>OUT</U> (INTHR);                        <U>IF</U> (INTHR <U>EQ</U> $TRUE)                             <U>THEN</U> OWNTENT = TF.PERMTENT;                             <U>ELSE</U> <U>IF</U> ((G.TCUR-ITF.TCMD) <U>LT</U> NOWEAKEN_TIME                                       <U>OR</U> ITF.IFIRM <U>LT</U> P.MINFIRM)                                       <U>THEN</U> OWNTENT = TF.PERMTENT;             <U>OTHERWISE</U> <U>IF</U> ((G.TCUR-ITF.TCMD) <U>LT</U> NOWEAKEN_TIME <U>OR</U>                            ITF.IFIRM <U>LT</U> P.MINFIRM)                            <U>THEN</U> OWNTENT = TF.PERMTENT;<U>END</U> No_weaken_test;</PRE></UL><BR><HR><ADDRESS> <A Name=Signature HREF="mailto:jdreese@cs.washington.edu">     Jon Damon Reese</A></ADDRESS></BODY></HTML>

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