📄 rfc 3629 - utf-8, a transformation format of iso 10646_ f_ yergeau.htm
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Network Working Group F. Yergeau
Request for Comments: 3629 Alis Technologies
STD: 63 November 2003
Obsoletes: 2279
Category: Standards Track
UTF-8, a transformation format of ISO 10646
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2003). All Rights Reserved.
Abstract
ISO/IEC 10646-1 defines a large character set called the Universal
Character Set (UCS) which encompasses most of the world's writing
systems. The originally proposed encodings of the UCS, however, were
not compatible with many current applications and protocols, and this
has led to the development of UTF-8, the object of this memo. UTF-8
has the characteristic of preserving the full US-ASCII range,
providing compatibility with file systems, parsers and other software
that rely on US-ASCII values but are transparent to other values.
This memo obsoletes and replaces <A href="http://rfc.dotsrc.org/rfc/rfc2279.html">RFC 2279</A>.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2. Notational conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. UTF-8 definition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Syntax of UTF-8 Byte Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Versions of the standards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6. Byte order mark (BOM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7. Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
8. MIME registration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
9. IANA Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
10. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
11. Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
12. Changes from <A href="http://rfc.dotsrc.org/rfc/rfc2279.html">RFC 2279</A> . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
13. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Yergeau Standards Track [Page 1]
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14. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
15. URI's . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
16. Intellectual Property Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
17. Author's Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
18. Full Copyright Statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1. Introduction
ISO/IEC 10646 [ISO.10646] defines a large character set called the
Universal Character Set (UCS), which encompasses most of the world's
writing systems. The same set of characters is defined by the
Unicode standard [UNICODE], which further defines additional
character properties and other application details of great interest
to implementers. Up to the present time, changes in Unicode and
amendments and additions to ISO/IEC 10646 have tracked each other, so
that the character repertoires and code point assignments have
remained in sync. The relevant standardization committees have
committed to maintain this very useful synchronism.
ISO/IEC 10646 and Unicode define several encoding forms of their
common repertoire: UTF-8, UCS-2, UTF-16, UCS-4 and UTF-32. In an
encoding form, each character is represented as one or more encoding
units. All standard UCS encoding forms except UTF-8 have an encoding
unit larger than one octet, making them hard to use in many current
applications and protocols that assume 8 or even 7 bit characters.
UTF-8, the object of this memo, has a one-octet encoding unit. It
uses all bits of an octet, but has the quality of preserving the full
US-ASCII [US-ASCII] range: US-ASCII characters are encoded in one
octet having the normal US-ASCII value, and any octet with such a
value can only stand for a US-ASCII character, and nothing else.
UTF-8 encodes UCS characters as a varying number of octets, where the
number of octets, and the value of each, depend on the integer value
assigned to the character in ISO/IEC 10646 (the character number,
a.k.a. code position, code point or Unicode scalar value). This
encoding form has the following characteristics (all values are in
hexadecimal):
o Character numbers from U+0000 to U+007F (US-ASCII repertoire)
correspond to octets 00 to 7F (7 bit US-ASCII values). A direct
consequence is that a plain ASCII string is also a valid UTF-8
string.
Yergeau Standards Track [Page 2]
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o US-ASCII octet values do not appear otherwise in a UTF-8 encoded
character stream. This provides compatibility with file systems
or other software (e.g., the printf() function in C libraries)
that parse based on US-ASCII values but are transparent to other
values.
o Round-trip conversion is easy between UTF-8 and other encoding
forms.
o The first octet of a multi-octet sequence indicates the number of
octets in the sequence.
o The octet values C0, C1, F5 to FF never appear.
o Character boundaries are easily found from anywhere in an octet
stream.
o The byte-value lexicographic sorting order of UTF-8 strings is the
same as if ordered by character numbers. Of course this is of
limited interest since a sort order based on character numbers is
almost never culturally valid.
o The Boyer-Moore fast search algorithm can be used with UTF-8 data.
o UTF-8 strings can be fairly reliably recognized as such by a
simple algorithm, i.e., the probability that a string of
characters in any other encoding appears as valid UTF-8 is low,
diminishing with increasing string length.
UTF-8 was devised in September 1992 by Ken Thompson, guided by design
criteria specified by Rob Pike, with the objective of defining a UCS
transformation format usable in the Plan9 operating system in a non-
disruptive manner. Thompson's design was stewarded through
standardization by the X/Open Joint Internationalization Group XOJIG
(see [FSS_UTF]), bearing the names FSS-UTF (variant FSS/UTF), UTF-2
and finally UTF-8 along the way.
2. Notational conventions
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [<A href="http://rfc.dotsrc.org/rfc/rfc2119.html">RFC2119</A>].
UCS characters are designated by the U+HHHH notation, where HHHH is a
string of from 4 to 6 hexadecimal digits representing the character
number in ISO/IEC 10646.
Yergeau Standards Track [Page 3]
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3. UTF-8 definition
UTF-8 is defined by the Unicode Standard [UNICODE]. Descriptions and
formulae can also be found in Annex D of ISO/IEC 10646-1 [ISO.10646]
In UTF-8, characters from the U+0000..U+10FFFF range (the UTF-16
accessible range) are encoded using sequences of 1 to 4 octets. The
only octet of a "sequence" of one has the higher-order bit set to 0,
the remaining 7 bits being used to encode the character number. In a
sequence of n octets, n>1, the initial octet has the n higher-order
bits set to 1, followed by a bit set to 0. The remaining bit(s) of
that octet contain bits from the number of the character to be
encoded. The following octet(s) all have the higher-order bit set to
1 and the following bit set to 0, leaving 6 bits in each to contain
bits from the character to be encoded.
The table below summarizes the format of these different octet types.
The letter x indicates bits available for encoding bits of the
character number.
Char. number range | UTF-8 octet sequence
(hexadecimal) | (binary)
--------------------+---------------------------------------------
0000 0000-0000 007F | 0xxxxxxx
0000 0080-0000 07FF | 110xxxxx 10xxxxxx
0000 0800-0000 FFFF | 1110xxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
0001 0000-0010 FFFF | 11110xxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx 10xxxxxx
Encoding a character to UTF-8 proceeds as follows:
1. Determine the number of octets required from the character number
and the first column of the table above. It is important to note
that the rows of the table are mutually exclusive, i.e., there is
only one valid way to encode a given character.
2. Prepare the high-order bits of the octets as per the second
column of the table.
3. Fill in the bits marked x from the bits of the character number,
expressed in binary. Start by putting the lowest-order bit of
the character number in the lowest-order position of the last
octet of the sequence, then put the next higher-order bit of the
character number in the next higher-order position of that octet,
etc. When the x bits of the last octet are filled in, move on to
the next to last octet, then to the preceding one, etc. until all
x bits are filled in.
Yergeau Standards Track [Page 4]
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The definition of UTF-8 prohibits encoding character numbers between
U+D800 and U+DFFF, which are reserved for use with the UTF-16
encoding form (as surrogate pairs) and do not directly represent
characters. When encoding in UTF-8 from UTF-16 data, it is necessary
to first decode the UTF-16 data to obtain character numbers, which
are then encoded in UTF-8 as described above. This contrasts with
CESU-8 [CESU-8], which is a UTF-8-like encoding that is not meant for
use on the Internet. CESU-8 operates similarly to UTF-8 but encodes
the UTF-16 code values (16-bit quantities) instead of the character
number (code point). This leads to different results for character
numbers above 0xFFFF; the CESU-8 encoding of those characters is NOT
valid UTF-8.
Decoding a UTF-8 character proceeds as follows:
1. Initialize a binary number with all bits set to 0. Up to 21 bits
may be needed.
2. Determine which bits encode the character number from the number
of octets in the sequence and the second column of the table
above (the bits marked x).
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