tbl

unix v7是最后一个广泛发布的研究型UNIX版本

.I entry
containing only a string of the form $fat "\e"$\f3R\f2x\f1
where
.I x
is any character is replaced by repetitions of the character
.I x
as wide as the data in the column.
The sequence of
.I x 's
is not extended to meet adjoining columns.
.IP "\fI##Vertically spanned items\fR#"
\(em An input table entry containing only the
character string
.ft B
\e\s+2\v'2p'^\v'-2p'\s0
.ft R
indicates that the table entry immediately
above spans downward over this row.  It is equivalent
to a table format key-letter of `^'.
.IP "\fI##Text blocks\fR#"
\(em In order to include a block of text as a table entry,
precede it by $fat roman "T{" $ and follow
it by $fat roman "T}" $.
Thus the sequence
.in +2
.nf
  \*. \*. \*. $fat roman "T{"$
.I
  block of
  text
.R
  $fat roman "T}"$ \*. \*. \*.
.in -2
.fi
is the way to enter, as a single entry in the table, something
that cannot conveniently be typed as a simple string between
tabs.
Note that the $fat roman "T}" $ end delimiter must begin a line;
additional columns of data may follow after a tab on the same line.
See the example on page 10 for an illustration of included text blocks
.e1 aa 10
in a table.
If more than twenty or thirty text blocks are used in a table,
various limits in the
.I
troff
.R
program are likely to be exceeded,
producing diagnostics such as `too many string/macro names' or `too many
number registers.'
.IP
Text blocks are pulled out from the table, processed separately by
.I
troff,
.R
and replaced in the table as a solid block.  If no line length
is specified in the
.I
block of text
.R
itself, or in the table format,
the default is to use
$ L times C / (N+1) $
where
.I
L
.R
is the current line length,
.I
C
.R
is the number of table columns spanned by the text,
and
.I
N
.R
is the total number of columns in the table.
The other parameters (point size, font, etc.) used in setting the
.I
block of text
.R
are those in effect at the beginning of the table (including
the effect of the ``\*.TS'' macro)
and any table format specifications of size, spacing and font,
using the \fBp\fR, \fBv\fR and \fBf\fR modifiers to the column key-letters.
Commands within the text block itself are also recognized, of course.
However,
.I troff
commands within the table data but not within the text block
do not affect that block.
.br
.di RR
.     this is going down a rathole
.EQ
delim off
.EN
.di
.rm RR
.IP "##\fBWarnings:\fR#"
\(em Although any number of lines may be present in a table,
only the first 200 lines are used in calculating
the widths of the various columns.  A multi-page table,
of course, may be arranged as several single-page tables
if this proves to be a problem.
Other difficulties with formatting may arise because,
in the calculation of column widths all table entries
are assumed to be in the font and size being used when
the ``\*.TS'' command was encountered, except for font and size changes
indicated (a) in the table format section and (b)
within the table data (as in the entry
\es+3\efIdata\efP\es0\|).
Therefore, although arbitrary
.I
troff
.R
requests may be sprinkled in a table, care must be taken
to avoid confusing the width calculations;
use requests such as `\*.ps' with care.
.tr ##
.sp .5v
.RE
.IP 4)
A\s-2DDITIONAL COMMAND LINES\s0.
If the format of a table must be changed after
many similar lines, as with sub-headings or summarizations, the ``\*.T&''
(table continue)
command can be used
to change column parameters.
The outline of such a table input is:
.DS
.ft R
\&\*.TS
.ft I
\&options \fB;\fP
\&format \*.
\&data
\&\*. \*. \*.
.ft R
\&\*.T&
.ft I
\&format \*.
\&data
.ft R
\&\*.T&
.ft I
\&format \*.
\&data
.ft R
\&\*.TE
.DE
as in the examples on pages 10 and 12.
.e1 ab 10
.e1 ac 12
Using this procedure, each table line can be close to its corresponding format line.
.bd I 3
.br
.sp 3p
.ft I
Warning:
.ft R
.bd I
it is not possible to change the number of columns, the space
between columns, the global options such as \fIbox,\fR
or the selection of columns to be made equal width.
.SH
Usage.
.PP
On
\s-2UNIX\s0,
.I
tbl
.R
can be run on a simple table with the command
.DS
tbl input-file | troff
.DE
but
for more complicated use, where there are several input files,
and they contain equations and \fIms\fR memorandum layout commands as well
as tables, the normal command would be
.DS
tbl file-1 file-2 \*. \*. \*. | eqn | troff \-ms
.DE
and, of course, the usual options may be used on the
.I
troff
.R
and
.I
eqn
.R
commands.  The usage for
.I
nroff
.R
is similar
to that for
.I
troff,
.R
but only
\s-2TELETYPE\s+2\(rg Model 37 and
Diablo-mechanism (\s-2DASI\s0 or \s-2GSI\s0)
terminals can print boxed tables directly.
.PP
For the convenience of users employing line printers without
adequate driving tables or post-filters, there is a special
.I \-TX
command line option to
.I tbl
which produces output that does not have fractional line
motions in it.
The only other command line options recognized by
.I tbl
are
.I \-ms
and
.I \-mm
which are turned into
commands to fetch the corresponding macro files;
usually it is more convenient to place these arguments
on the
.I troff
part of the command line,
but they are accepted by
.I tbl
as well.
.PP
Note that when
.I
eqn
.R
and
.I
tbl
.R
are used together on the same file
.I
tbl
.R
should be used first.
If there are no equations within tables,
either order works, but it is usually faster
to run
.I
tbl
.R
first, since
.I
eqn
.R
normally produces a larger expansion of the input
than
.I
tbl.
.R
However, if there are equations within tables
(using the
.I
delim
.R
mechanism in
.I
eqn\fR),
.I
tbl
.R
must be first or the output will be scrambled.
Users must also beware of using equations in
\fBn\fR-style columns; this is nearly always wrong,
since
.I
tbl
.R
attempts to split numerical format items into two parts and this
is not possible with equations.
The user can defend against this by giving the
.I delim(xx)
table option;
this prevents splitting of numerical columns within the delimiters.
For example, if the
.I eqn
delimiters
are
.I $$ ,
giving
.I delim($$)
a numerical column such as
``1245 $+- 16$''
will be divided after 1245, not after 16.
.PP
.I
Tbl
.R
limits tables to twenty columns; however,
use of more than 16 numerical columns may fail because of
limits in
.I
troff,
.R
producing the `too many number registers' message.
\fITroff\fR number registers used by
.I
tbl
.R
must be avoided by the user within tables;
these include two-digit names from 31 to 99,
and names of the forms
#\fIx\fR, \fIx\fR+, \fIx\fR\ |, \v'3p'^\v'-3p'\fIx\fR, and \fIx\fR\(mi,
where
\fIx\fR is any lower case letter.
The names
##, #\(mi, and #^ are also used in certain circumstances.
To conserve number register names, the
\fBn\fR
and
\fBa\fR
formats share a register;
hence the restriction above that they may not be used in the same column.
.PP
For aid in writing layout macros,
.I
tbl
.R
defines a number register TW which is
the table width; it is defined by the time that the ``\*.TE'' macro
is invoked and may be used in the expansion of that macro.
More importantly, to assist in laying out multi-page boxed tables
the macro T# is defined to produce the bottom lines and side lines of a boxed
table, and then invoked at its end.  By use of this macro
in the page footer a multi-page table can be boxed.
In particular, the
.I
ms
.R
macros can be used to print a multi-page boxed table with a repeated heading
by giving the
argument H to the ``\*.TS'' macro.
If the table start macro is written
.br
	\&\*.TS H
.br
a line of the form
.br
	\&\*.TH
.br
must be given in the table after any table heading (or at the start if none).
Material up to the ``\*.TH'' is placed at the top of each page of table;
the remaining lines in the table are placed on several pages as required.
Note that this is
.I
not
.R
a feature of
.I
tbl,
.R
but of the \fIms\fR layout macros.
.SH
Examples.
.PP
Here are some examples illustrating features of
.I
tbl.
.R
.ds T \|\h'.4n'\v'-.2n'\s6\zT\s0\s10\v'.2n'\h'-.4n'\(ci\|\s0
The symbol \*T in the input represents a tab character.
.de IN
.po \\n(POu
.sp |\\n(.hu
.sp
.ne \\$1
.mk
.B
Input:
.R
.sp .5
.nf
.in +3n
..
.de OU
.br
.in -3n
.rt
.po +3i
.B
Output:
.R
.sp .5
..
.rm TS
.rm TE
.nf
.IN 2.5i
\&\*.TS
\&box;
\&c c c
\&l l l\*.
\&Language\*TAuthors\*TRuns on
\&
\&Fortran\*TMany\*TAlmost anything
\&PL/1\*TIBM\*T360/370
\&C\*TBTL\*T11/45,H6000,370
\&BLISS\*TCarnegie-Mellon\*TPDP-10,11
\&IDS\*THoneywell\*TH6000
\&Pascal\*TStanford\*T370
\&\*.TE
.OU
.TS
box;
c c c
l l l.
Language	Authors	Runs on

Fortran	Many	Almost anything
PL/1	IBM	360/370
C	BTL	11/45,H6000,370
BLISS	Carnegie-Mellon	PDP-10,11
IDS	Honeywell	H6000
Pascal	Stanford	370
.TE
.IN 2.8i
\&\*.TS
\&allbox;
\&c s s
\&c c c
\&n n n\*.
\&AT&T Common Stock
\&Year\*TPrice\*TDividend
\&1971\*T41-54\*T$2\*.60
\&2\*T41-54\*T2\*.70
\&3\*T46-55\*T2\*.87
\&4\*T40-53\*T3\*.24
\&5\*T45-52\*T3\*.40
\&6\*T51-59\*T\*.95*
\&\*.TE
\&* (first quarter only)
.OU
.TS
allbox;
c s s
c c c
n n n.
AT&T Common Stock
Year	Price	Dividend
1971	41-54	$2.60
2	41-54	2.70
3	46-55	2.87
4	40-53	3.24
5	45-52	3.40
6	51-59	.95*
.TE
* (first quarter only)
.IN 4i
\&\*.TS
\&box;
\&c s s
\&c | c | c
\&l | l | n\*.
\&Major New York Bridges
\&=
\&Bridge\*TDesigner\*TLength
\&\(ul
\&Brooklyn\*TJ\*. A\*. Roebling\*T1595
\&Manhattan\*TG\*. Lindenthal\*T1470
\&Williamsburg\*TL\*. L\*. Buck\*T1600
\&\(ul
\&Queensborough\*TPalmer &\*T1182
\&\*T  Hornbostel
\&\(ul
\&\*T\*T1380
\&Triborough\*TO\*. H\*. Ammann\*T\(ul
\&\*T\*T383
\&\(ul
\&Bronx Whitestone\*TO\*. H\*. Ammann\*T2300
\&Throgs Neck\*TO\*. H\*. Ammann\*T1800
\&\(ul
\&George Washington\*TO\*. H\*. Ammann\*T3500
\&\*.TE
.OU
.TS
box;
c s s
c | c | c
l | l | n.
Major New York Bridges
=
Bridge	Designer	Length
_
Brooklyn	J. A. Roebling	1595
Manhattan	G. Lindenthal	1470
Williamsburg	L. L. Buck	1600
_
Queensborough	Palmer &	1182
	  Hornbostel
_
		1380
Triborough	O. H. Ammann	_
		383
_
Bronx Whitestone	O. H. Ammann	2300
Throgs Neck	O. H. Ammann	1800
_
George Washington	O. H. Ammann	3500
.TE
.IN 3.0i
\&\*.TS
\&c c
\&np-2 | n | \*.
\&\*TStack
\&\*T\(ul
\&1\*T46
\&\*T\(ul
\&2\*T23
\&\*T\(ul
\&3\*T15
\&\*T\(ul
\&4\*T6\*.5
\&\*T\(ul
\&5\*T2\*.1
\&\*T\(ul
\&\*.TE
.OU
.TS
c c
np-2 | n |.
	Stack
	_
1	46
	_
2	23
	_
3	15
	_
4	6.5
	_
5	2.1
	_
.TE
.IN 2.5i
\&\*.TS
\&box;
\&L L L
\&L L \(ul
\&L L | LB
\&L L \(ul
\&L L L\*.
\&january\*Tfebruary\*Tmarch
\&april\*Tmay
\&june\*Tjuly\*TMonths
\&august\*Tseptember
\&october\*Tnovember\*Tdecember
\&\*.TE
.OU
.TS
box;
L L L
L L _
L L | LB
L L _
L L L.
january	february	march
april	may
june	july	Months
august	september
october	november	december
.TE
.IN 5.0i
.e2 ab
\&\*.TS
\&box;
\&cfB s s s\*.
\&Composition of Foods
\&\(ul
\&\*.T&
\&c  | c s s
\&c  | c s s
\&c   | c  | c  | c\*.
\&Food\*TPercent by Weight
\&\e^\*T\(ul
\&\e^\*TProtein\*TFat\*TCarbo-
\&\e^\*T\e^\*T\e^\*Thydrate
\&\(ul
\&\*.T&
\&l  | n  | n  | n\*.
\&Apples\*T\*.4\*T\*.5\*T13\*.0
\&Halibut\*T18\*.4\*T5\*.2\*T\*. \*. \*.
\&Lima beans\*T7\*.5\*T\*.8\*T22\*.0
\&Milk\*T3\*.3\*T4\*.0\*T5\*.0
\&Mushrooms\*T3\*.5\*T\*.4\*T6\*.0
\&Rye bread\*T9\*.0\*T\*.6\*T52\*.7
\&\*.TE
.OU
.TS
box;
cfB s s s.
Composition of Foods
_
.T&
c  |c s s
c  |c s s
c   |c  |c  |c.
Food	Percent by Weight
\^	_
\^	Protein	Fat	Carbo-
\^	\^	\^	hydrate
_
.T&
l  |n  |n  |n.
Apples	.4	.5	13.0
Halibut	18.4	5.2	...
Lima beans	7.5	.8	22.0
Milk	3.3	4.0	5.0
Mushrooms	3.5	.4	6.0
Rye bread	9.0	.6	52.7
.TE
.IN 3.7i
.e2 aa
\&\*.TS
\&allbox;
\&cfI  s   s
\&c    cw(1i)   cw(1i)
\&lp9 lp9 lp9\*.
\&New York Area Rocks
\&Era\*TFormation\*TAge (years)
\&Precambrian\*TReading Prong\*T>1 billion
\&Paleozoic\*TManhattan Prong\*T400 million
\&Mesozoic\*TT{
\&\*.na
\&Newark Basin, incl\*.
\&Stockton, Lockatong, and Brunswick
\&formations; also Watchungs
\&and Palisades\*.
\&T}\*T200 million
\&Cenozoic\*TCoastal Plain\*TT{