m1

unix v7是最后一个广泛发布的研究型UNIX版本

.pn8
.tr |
.tr ~|
.rm mx
.br
.ce
.ftB
.ps+2
.rs
.sp1.0i
REFERENCE MANUAL
.ftR
.ps-2
.sp
.mh
General Explanation
.sc
Form of input.
Input consists of \fItext lines\fR, which are destined to be printed,
interspersed with \fIcontrol lines\fR,
which set parameters or otherwise control subsequent processing.
Control lines begin with a \fIcontrol character\fR\(em\
normally \fB.\fR (period) or \fB\'\fR (acute accent)\(em\
followed by a one or two character name that specifies
a basic \fIrequest\fR or the substitution of
a user-defined \fImacro\fR in place of the control line.
The control character \fB\'\fR suppresses the \fIbreak\fR function\(em\
the forced output of a partially filled line\(em\
caused by certain requests.
The control character may be separated from the request/macro name by
white space (spaces and/or tabs) for esthetic reasons.
Names must be followed by either
space or newline.
Control lines with unrecognized names are ignored.
.pg
Various special functions may be introduced anywhere in the input by
means of an \fIescape\fR character, normally \fB\e\fR.
For example, the function
\fB\en\fIR\fR
causes the interpolation of the contents of the
\fInumber register R\fR
in place of the function;
here \fIR\fR is either a single character name
as in \fB\en\fIx\fR,
or left-parenthesis-introduced, two-character name as in \fB\en(\fIxx\fR.
.sc
Formatter and device resolution.
\*(TR internally uses 432 units\(slinch, corresponding to
the Graphic Systems phototypesetter
which has a horizontal resolution of
1\(sl432 inch and a vertical resolution
of 1\(sl144 inch.
\*(NR internally uses 240 units\(slinch,
corresponding to the least common multiple of the
horizontal and vertical resolutions of various
typewriter-like output devices.
\*(TR rounds horizontal\(slvertical numerical parameter input to the actual
horizontal\(slvertical resolution of the Graphic Systems typesetter.
\*(NR similarly rounds numerical input to the actual resolution
of the output device indicated by the \fB\(miT\fR option
(default Model 37 Teletype).
.sc
Numerical parameter input.
Both \*(NR and \*(TR
accept numerical input with the appended scale
indicators
shown in the following table,
where
\fIS\fR is the current type size in points,
\fIV\fR is the current vertical line spacing in
basic units,
and
\fIC\fR is a \fInominal character width\fR in basic units.
.TS
center box;
c|c|ls
c|c|ll
c|l|l|l.
Scale		Number of basic units
Indicator	Meaning	\*(TR	\*(NR
_
\fBi\fR	Inch	432	240
\fBc\fR	Centimeter	432\(mu50\(sl127	240\(mu50\(sl127
\fBP\fR	Pica = 1\(sl6 inch	72	240\(sl6
\fBm\fR	Em = \fIS\fR points	6\(mu\fIS\fR	\fIC\fR
\fBn\fR	En = Em\(sl2	3\(mu\fIS\fR	\fIC, same as Em\fR
\fBp\fR	Point = 1\(sl72 inch	6	240\(sl72
\fBu\fR	Basic unit	1	1
\fBv\fR	Vertical line space	\fIV\fR	\fIV\fR
none	Default, see below
.TE
In \*(NR, \fIboth\fR the em and the en are taken to be equal to the \fIC\fR,
which is output-device dependent;
common values are 1\(sl10 and 1\(sl12 inch.
Actual character widths in \*(NR need not be all the same and constructed characters
such as \(mi> (\(->) are often extra wide.
The default scaling is ems for the horizontally-oriented requests
and functions
\fBll\fR,
\fBin\fR,
\fBti\fR,
\fBta\fR,
\fBlt\fR,
\fBpo\fR,
\fBmc\fR,
\fB\eh\fR,
and
\fB\el\fR;
\fIV\^\fRs
for the vertically-oriented requests and functions
\fBpl\fR,
\fBwh\fR,
\fBch\fR,
\fBdt\fR,
\fBsp\fR,
\fBsv\fR,
\fBne\fR,
\fBrt\fR,
\fB\ev\fR,
\fB\ex\fR,
and
\fB\eL\fR;
\fBp\fR for the \fBvs\fR request;
and \fBu\fR for the requests
\fBnr\fR,
\fBif\fR,
and
\fBie\fR.
\fIAll\fR other requests ignore any scale indicators.
When a number register containing an already appropriately scaled number
is interpolated to provide numerical input,
the unit scale indicator
\fBu\fR may need to be appended to prevent
an additional inappropriate default scaling.
The number, \fIN\fR, may be specified in decimal-fraction form
but the parameter finally stored is rounded to an integer number of basic units.
.pg
The \fIabsolute position\fR indicator \fB~\fR may be prepended
to a number \fIN\fR
to generate the distance to the vertical or horizontal place \fIN\fR.
For vertically-oriented requests and functions, \fB~\|\fIN\fR
becomes the distance in basic units from the current vertical place on the page or in a \fIdiversion\fR (\(sc7.4)
to the the vertical place \fIN\fR.
For \fIall\fR other requests and functions,
\fB~\|\fIN\fR
becomes the distance from
the current horizontal place on the \fIinput\fR line to the horizontal place \fIN\fR.
For example,
.x1
\&\fB.sp  ~\|3.2c\fR
.x2
will space \fIin the required direction\fR to 3.2\|centimeters from the top of the page.
.sc
.tr &&
Numerical expressions.
Wherever numerical input is expected an expression involving parentheses,
the arithmetic operators \fB\(pl\fR, \fB\(mi\fR, \fB\(sl\fR, \fB\(**\fR, \fB%\fR (mod),
and the logical operators
\fB<\fR,
\fB>\fR,
\fB<\(eq\fR,
\fB>\(eq\fR,
\fB\(eq\fR (or \fB\(eq\(eq\fR),
\fB&\fR\ (and),
\fB:\fR\ (or)
may be used.
Except where controlled by parentheses, evaluation of expressions is left-to-right;
there is no operator precedence.
In the case of certain requests, an initial \fB\(pl\fR or \fB\(mi\fR is stripped
and interpreted as an increment or decrement indicator respectively.
In the presence of default scaling, the desired scale indicator must be
attached to \fIevery\fR number in an expression
for which the desired and default scaling differ.
For example,
if the number register \fBx\fR contains 2
and the current point size is 10,
then
.br
.tr &.
.x1
.ftB
\&.ll  (4.25i\(pl\enxP\(pl3)\(sl2u
.ftR
.x2
will set the line length to 1\(sl2 the sum of 4.25 inches \(pl 2 picas \(pl 30 points.
.sc
Notation.
Numerical parameters are indicated in this manual in two ways.
\(+-\fIN\fR means that the argument may take the forms \fIN\fR, \(pl\fIN\fR, or \(mi\fIN\fR and
that the corresponding effect is to set the affected parameter
to \fIN\fR, to increment it by \fIN\fR, or to decrement it by \fIN\fR respectively.
Plain \fIN\fR means that an initial algebraic sign is \fInot\fR
an increment indicator,
but merely the sign of \fIN\fR.
Generally, unreasonable numerical input is either ignored
or truncated to a reasonable value.
For example,
most requests expect to set parameters to non-negative
values;
exceptions are
\fBsp\fR,
\fBwh\fR,
\fBch\fR,
\fBnr\fR,
and
\fBif\fR.
The requests
\fBps\fR,
\fBft\fR,
\fBpo\fR,
\fBvs\fR,
\fBls\fR,
\fBll\fR,
\fBin\fR,
and
\fBlt\fR
restore the \fIprevious\fR parameter value in the \fIabsence\fR
of an argument.
.pg
Single character arguments are indicated by single lower case letters
and
one/two character arguments are indicated by a pair of lower case letters.
Character string arguments are indicated by multi-character mnemonics.
.mh
Font and Character Size Control
.sc
Character set.
The \*(TR character set consists of the Graphics Systems Commercial|II
character set plus a Special Mathematical Font character
set\(emeach having 102 characters.
These character sets are shown in the attached Table|I.
All \s-1ASCII\s+1 characters are included,
with some on the Special Font.
With three exceptions, the \s-1ASCII\s+1 characters are input as themselves,
and non-\s-1ASCII\s+1 characters are input in the form \fB\e(\fIxx\fR where
\fIxx\fR is a two-character name given in the attached Table|II.
The three \s-1ASCII\s+1 exceptions are mapped as follows:
.TS
center box;
cs|cs
cc|cc
cl|cl.
\s-1ASCII\s+1 Input	Printed by \*(TR
Character	Name	Character	Name
_
\'	acute accent	'	close quote
\`	grave accent	`	open quote
\(mi	minus	-	hyphen
.TE
.tr ~~
The characters
\fB\'\fR,
\fB\`\fR,
and
\fB\-\fR
may be input
by \fB\e\'\fR, \fB\e\`\fR, and \fB\e\-\fR respectively or by their names (Table II).
The \s-1ASCII\s+1 characters \fB@\fR, \fB#\fR, \fB"\fR, \fB\(aa\fR, \fB\(ga\fR, \fB<\fR, \fB>\fR, \fB\e\fR, \fB{\fR, \fB}\fR, \fB~\fR, \fB^\fR, and \fB\(ul\fR exist
only on the Special Font and are printed as a 1-em space if that Font
is not mounted.
.pg
.tr ~|
\*(NR understands the entire \*(TR character set,
but can in general print only \s-1ASCII\s+1
characters,
additional characters as may be available on
the output device,
such characters as may be able to be constructed
by overstriking or other combination,
and those that can reasonably be mapped
into other printable characters.
The exact behavior is determined by a driving
table prepared for each device.
The characters
\fB\'\fR,
\fB\`\fR,
and
\fB\(ul\fR
print
as themselves.
.sc
Fonts.
The default mounted fonts are
Times Roman (\fBR\fR),
Times Italic (\fBI\fR),
Times Bold (\fBB\fR),
and the Special Mathematical Font (\fBS\fR)
on physical typesetter positions 1, 2, 3, and 4 respectively.
These fonts are used in this document.
The \fIcurrent\fR font, initially Roman, may be changed
(among the mounted fonts)
by use of the \fBft\fR request,
or by imbedding at any desired point
either \fB\ef\fIx\fR, \fB\ef(\fIxx\fR, or \fB\ef\fIN\fR
where
\fIx\fR and \fIxx\fR are the name of a mounted font
and \fIN\fR is a numerical font position.
It is \fInot\fR necessary to change to the Special font;
characters on that font are automatically handled.
A request for a named but not-mounted font is \fIignored\fR.
\*(TR can be informed that any particular font is mounted
by use of the \fBfp\fR request.
The list of known fonts is installation dependent.
In the subsequent discussion of font-related requests,
\fIF\fR represents either a one\(sltwo-character
font name or the numerical font position, 1-4.
The current font is available (as numerical position) in the read-only number register \fB.f\fR.
.pg
\*(NR understands font control
and normally underlines Italic characters (see \(sc10.5).
.sc
Character size.
Character point sizes available on the Graphic Systems typesetter are
6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 28, and 36.
This is a range of 1\(sl12 inch to 1\(sl2 inch.
The \fBps\fR request is used to change or restore the point size.
Alternatively the point size may be changed between any two characters
by imbedding a \fB\es\fIN\fR
at the desired point
to set the size to \fIN\fR,
or a \fB\es\fI\(+-N\fR (1\(<=\fIN\fR\(<=9)
to increment\(sldecrement the size by \fIN\fR;
\fB\es0\fR restores the \fIprevious\fR size.
Requested point size values that are between two valid
sizes yield the larger of the two.
The current size is available in the \fB.s\fR register.
\*(NR ignores type size control.
.h1 *
.fn
.xx
*Notes are explained at the end of the Summary and Index above.
.ef
.bt
\fB&ps\fI|\(+-N\fR	10\|point	previous	E	Point size
set to \(+-\fIN\fR.
Alternatively imbed \fB\es\fIN\fR or \fB\es\fI\(+-N\fR.
Any positive size value may be requested;
if invalid, the next larger valid size will result, with a
maximum of 36.
A paired sequence
\(pl\fIN\fR,\|\(mi\fIN\fR
will work because the previous requested value is also remembered.
Ignored in \*(NR.
.bt
\fB&ss\fI|N\fR	12\(sl36\|em	ignored	E	Space-character size
is set to \fIN\fR\(sl36\|ems.
This size is the minimum word spacing in adjusted text.