ms

unix v7是最后一个广泛发布的研究型UNIX版本

.I
Footnotes.
.R
Material placed between lines with the commands .FS
(footnote) and .FE (footnote end) will
be collected, remembered, and finally placed
at the bottom of the current page*.
By default, footnotes are 11/12th the
length of normal text,
but this can be changed using the FL register (see below).
.FS
* Like this.
.FE
.PP
.I
Displays and Tables.
.R
To prepare displays of lines, such as tables, in which
the lines should not be re-arranged,
enclose them in the commands .DS and .DE
.DS L
	.DS
	table lines, like the
	examples here, are placed
	between .DS and .DE
	.DE
.DE
By default, lines between .DS and .DE are indented and left-adjusted.
You can also center lines, or retain the left margin.
Lines bracketed by .DS C and .DE commands are
centered (and not re-arranged); lines bracketed
by .DS L and .DE are left-adjusted, not indented, and
not re-arranged.
A plain .DS is equivalent
to .DS I, which indents and left-adjusts.  Thus,
.DS C
these lines were preceded
by .DS C and followed by
a .DE command;
.DE
whereas
.DS L
these lines were preceded
by .DS L and followed by
a .DE command.
.DE
Note that .DS C centers each line; there is a variant .DS B
that makes the display into a left-adjusted block of text, and
then centers that entire block.
Normally a display is kept together, on one page.
If you wish to have a long display which
may be split across page
boundaries,
use .CD, .LD, or .ID in place of
the commands .DS C, .DS L, or .DS I respectively.
An extra argument to the .DS I or .DS command is taken
as an amount to indent.
Note: it is tempting to assume that .DS R will right adjust
lines, but it doesn't work.
.PP
.I
Boxing words or lines.
.R
To draw rectangular boxes around words the command
.DS L
	.BX word
.DE
will print
.BX word
as shown.
The boxes will not be neat on a terminal, and this
should not be used as a substitute for italics.
.B1
Longer pieces of text may be boxed
by enclosing them with .B1 and .B2:
.DS L
	.B1
	text...
	.B2
.DE
as has been done here.
.B2
.PP
.I
Keeping blocks together.
.R
If you wish to keep a table or other block of lines
together on a page, there are ``keep - release'' commands.
If a block of lines preceded by .KS and followed by .KE does
not fit on the remainder of the current page, it will begin
on a new page.
Lines bracketed by .DS and .DE commands are automatically
kept together this way.
There is also a ``keep floating'' command: if the
block to be kept together is preceded by .KF instead of .KS
and does not fit
on the current page, it will be moved down through the text
until the top of the next page.  Thus, no large blank space
will be introduced in the document.  
.PP
.I
Nroff/Troff commands.
.R
Among the useful commands from the basic formatting programs
are the following.  They all work with both typesetter and
computer terminal output:
.DS L
	.bp - begin new page.
	.br - ``break'', stop running text
	          from line to line.
	.sp n - insert n blank lines.
	.na - don't adjust right margins.
.DE
.PP
.I
Date.
.R
By default, documents produced on computer terminals have the
date at the bottom of each page; documents produced on
the typesetter don't.
To force the date, say ``.DA''.  To force no date, say ``.ND''.
To lie about the date, say ``.DA July 4, 1776''
which puts the specified date at the bottom of each page.
The command
.DS L
	.ND May 8, 1945
.DE
in ".RP" format
places the specified date on the cover sheet and nowhere else.
Place this line before the title.
.PP
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Signature line.
.R
You can obtain a signature line by placing
the command .SG in the document.
The authors' names will
be output in place of the .SG line.
An argument to .SG
is used
as a typing identification line, and
placed after the signatures.
The .SG command is ignored
in released paper format.
.PP
.I
Registers.
.R
Certain of the registers used by \-ms can
be altered to change default
settings.
They should be changed with .nr commands,
as with
.DS
	.nr PS 9
.DE
.bd I
to make the default point size 9 point.
If the effect is needed immediately, the
normal
.I
troff
.R
command should be used
in addition to changing the number register.
.br
.ps 9
.vs 10p
.TS
c0 c c c
c c c c
a l l l.
Register	Defines	Takes	Default
		effect
PS	point size	next para.	10
VS	line spacing	next para.	12 pts
LL	line length	next para.	6\(fm\(fm
LT	title length	next para.	6\(fm\(fm
PD	para. spacing	next para.	0.3 VS
PI	para. indent	next para.	5 ens
FL	footnote length	next FS	11/12 LL
CW	column width	next 2C	7/15 LL
GW	intercolumn gap	next 2C	1/15 LL
PO	page offset	next page	26/27\(fm\(fm
HM	top margin	next page	1\(fm\(fm
FM	bottom margin	next page	1\(fm\(fm
.TE
.ps \n(PS
.vs \n(VS
You may also alter
the strings
LH, CH, and RH which are the left, center, and right headings
respectively; and similarly LF, CF, and RF which are strings in the
page footer.
The page number on
.I
output
.R
is taken from register PN, to permit
changing its output style.
For more complicated headers and footers
the macros PT and BT can be redefined, as
explained earlier.
.bd I 3
.PP
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Accents.
.R
To simplify typing certain foreign words,
strings representing common accent marks are defined.
They precede the letter over which the mark
is to appear.
Here are the strings:
.TS
center;
c c6 c c.
Input	Output	Input	Output
\e*\(fme	\*'e	\e*~a	\*~a
\e*\(gae	\*`e	\e*Ce	\h'0.15m'\v'-0.6m'\s6\zv\s0\v'0.6m'\h'-0.15m'e
\e*:u	\*:u	\e*,c	\*,c
\e*^e	\o'^e'
.TE
.PP
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Use.
.R
After your document is prepared and stored on a file,
you can print it on a terminal with the command*
.bd I
.FS
* If .2C was used, pipe the
.I nroff
output
through
.I col;
make the first line of the input
``.pi /usr/bin/col.''
.br
.FE
.DS L
.I
   nroff \-ms file
.R
.DE
and you can print it on the typesetter with the
command
.DS L
.I
   troff \-ms file
.R
.DE
(many options are possible).
In each case, if your document is stored in several files,
just list all the filenames
where we have used ``file''.
If equations or tables are used,
.I
eqn
.R
and/or
.I
tbl
.R
must be invoked as preprocessors.
.br
.bd I 3
.PP
.I
References and further study.
.R
If you have to do Greek or mathematics, see
.I eqn
[1]
for equation setting.
To aid
.I eqn
users,
.I \-ms
provides definitions of .EQ and .EN
which normally center the equation and set it off slightly.
An argument on .EQ is taken to be an equation
number and placed in the right margin near the equation.
In addition, there are three special arguments to EQ:
the letters C, I, and L indicate centered (default),
indented, and left adjusted equations, respectively. 
If there is both a format argument
and an equation number,
give the format argument first, as in
.bd I
.DS
	.EQ L (1.3a)
.DE
for a left-adjusted equation numbered (1.3a).
.PP
Similarly,
the macros .TS and .TE
are defined
to separate tables (see [2]) from text with a little space.
A very long table with a heading may be broken
across pages by beginning it with .TS H
instead of .TS,
and placing the line .TH in the table data
after the heading.  If the table
has no heading repeated from page to page,
just use the ordinary .TS and .TE macros.
.PP
To learn more about
.I troff
see
[3] for a general introduction, and [4]
for the full details (experts only).
Information on related UNIX commands
is in [5].
For jobs that do not seem well-adapted
to \-ms, consider other macro packages.
It is often far easier to write a specific macro packages
for such tasks as imitating particular journals than
to try to adapt \-ms.
.PP
.bd I 3
.I
Acknowledgment.
.R
Many thanks are due to Brian Kernighan for
his help in the design and implementation of this package,
and for his assistance in preparing this manual.
.bd I
.SH
.ce
References
.PP
.IP [1]
B. W. Kernighan and L. L. Cherry,
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Typesetting Mathematics \(em Users Guide (2nd edition),
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Bell Laboratories Computing Science Report no. 17.
.IP [2]
M. E. Lesk,
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Tbl \(em A Program to Format Tables,
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Bell Laboratories Computing Science Report no. 45.
.IP [3]
B. W. Kernighan,
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A Troff Tutorial,
.R
Bell Laboratories, 1976.
.IP [4]
J. F. Ossanna,
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Nroff\|/Troff Reference Manual,
.R
Bell Laboratories Computing Science Report no. 51.
.IP [5]
K. Thompson and D. M. Ritchie,
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UNIX Programmer's Manual,
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Bell Laboratories, 1978.
.1C
.SH
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Appendix A
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List of Commands
.ft R
.TS
expand;
l2 l5 l2 l.
1C	Return to single column format.	LG	Increase type size.
2C	Start double column format.	LP	Left aligned block paragraph.
AB	Begin abstract.	
AE	End abstract.	
AI	Specify author's institution.	
AU	Specify author.	ND	Change or cancel date.
B	Begin boldface.	NH	Specify numbered heading.
DA	Provide the date on each page.	NL	Return to normal type size.
DE	End display.	PP	Begin paragraph.
DS	Start display (also CD, LD, ID).	
EN	End equation.	R	Return to regular font (usually Roman).
EQ	Begin equation.	RE	End one level of relative indenting.
FE	End footnote.	RP	Use released paper format.
FS	Begin footnote.	RS	Relative indent increased one level.
		SG	Insert signature line.
I	Begin italics.	SH	Specify section heading.
		SM	Change to smaller type size.
IP	Begin indented paragraph.	TL	Specify title.
KE	Release keep.	
KF	Begin floating keep.	UL	Underline one word.
KS	Start keep.	
.TE
.sp
.ce
.ft B
Register Names
.ft R
.PP
The following register names are used by \-ms internally.
Independent use of these names in one's own macros may
produce incorrect output.
Note that no lower case letters are used in any \-ms internal name.
.TS
 expand;
c s s  s s s  s s s  s s
l l l  l l l  l l l  l l.
Number registers used in \-ms
:	DW	GW	HM	IQ	LL	NA	OJ	PO	T.	TV
#T	EF	H1	HT	IR	LT	NC	PD	PQ	TB	VS
.T	FC	H2	IF	IT	MF	ND	PE	PS	TC	WF
1T	FL	H3	IK	KI	MM	NF	PF	PX	TD	YE
AV	FM	H4	IM	L1	MN	NS	PI	RO	TN	YY
CW	FP	H5	IP	LE	MO	OI	PN	ST	TQ	ZN
.TE
.sp
.TS
expand;
c s s  s s s  s s s  s s
l l l  l l l  l l l  l l.
String registers used in \-ms
\(fm	A5	CB	DW	EZ	I	KF	MR	R1	RT	TL
\(ga	AB	CC	DY	FA	I1	KQ	ND	R2	S0	TM
^	AE	CD	E1	FE	I2	KS	NH	R3	S1	TQ
~	AI	CF	E2	FJ	I3	LB	NL	R4	S2	TS
:	AU	CH	E3	FK	I4	LD	NP	R5	SG	TT
,	B	CM	E4	FN	I5	LG	OD	RC	SH	UL
1C	BG	CS	E5	FO	ID	LP	OK	RE	SM	WB
2C	BT	CT	EE	FQ	IE	ME	PP	RF	SN	WH
A1	C	D	EL	FS	IM	MF	PT	RH	SY	WT
A2	C1	DA	EM	FV	IP	MH	PY	RP	TA	XD
A3	C2	DE	EN	FY	IZ	MN	QF	RQ	TE	XF
A4	CA	DS	EQ	HO	KE	MO	R	RS	TH	XK
.TE
.ne 4i
.br
.ne 5i
.ta 1i 2i 3i 4i
.vs .6i
.nf
.in 1i
.ll 4.2i
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Order of Commands in Input

	RP
TL
AU
AI
	AB
	AE

		NH, SH
			PP, LP
			text ...
.br
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Figure 1
.fi
.in 0