usage.8

minix操作系统最新版本（3.1.1）的源代码

Next make a file system for on-disk /usr and copy the floppy /usr on to it.
.PP
.XB "mkfs\0/dev/c0d0p1s2"
.XB "readall\0\-b\0/dev/c0d0p1s2 | sh"
.XB "mount\0/dev/c0d0p1s2\0/mnt"
.XB "cpdir\0\-v\0/usr\0/mnt"
.PP
This will create a file system on /dev/c0d0p1s2, mount it on /mnt, and copy the
contents of the \s-2USR\s+2 floppy onto it.  The call to
.B readall
marks bad blocks on the file system as unusable, you can omit this on a
drive known to be spotless (\s-2IDE\s+2 or \s-2SCSI\s+2.)
.PP
You can now use the new /usr in place of the \s-2USR\s+2 floppy:
.PP
.XB "umount\0/dev/c0d0p1s2"
.XB "umount\0/dev/fd0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0\0# fd0p2 if combined"
.XB "mount\0/dev/c0d0p1s2\0/usr"
.PP
This little dance has freed up your floppy drive, so please remove the
\s-2USR\s+2 diskette and replace it by the \s-2ROOT\s+2 diskette.  Make a
file system for the root with at least 512 inodes (files), and
fill it from the floppy:
.PP
.XB "mkfs\0\-i\0512\0/dev/c0d0p1s0"
.XB "mount\0/dev/fd0\0/fd0"
.XB "mount\0/dev/c0d0p1s0\0/mnt"
.XB "cpdir\0\-v\0/fd0\0/mnt"
.XB "umount\0/dev/fd0"
.PP
Remove
.B /mnt/etc/issue
to get rid of the "use setup" message that greets you when you boot, and
edit the file
.B /mnt/etc/fstab
to name the devices MINIX has been installed on.  In our example it
should look like this:
.PP
.XB "root=/dev/c0d0p1s0"
.XB "swap=/dev/c0d0p1s1"
.XB "usr=/dev/c0d0p1s2"
.PP
Unmount the new root:
.PP
.XB "umount\0/dev/c0d0p1s0"
.PP
Make it bootable:
.PP
.XB "installboot\0\-d\0/dev/c0d0p1s0\0/usr/mdec/bootblock\0boot"
.PP
The automatic script would now set the
.B rootdev
and
.B ramimagedev
boot variables.  You can do this now using the
.B edparams
command, but it is easier to postpone it until the testing phase.  The
settings should be:
.PP
.XB "rootdev=c0d0p1s0"
.XB "ramimagedev=c0d0p1s0"
.SS "7. TESTING"
By now a new MINIX system is present on your hard disk.  Time to see if
it works.  Leave the \s-2ROOT\s+2 diskette in the drive and type
.BR halt .
You are now going to use the power of the Boot Monitor on the diskette to
boot the MINIX partition on the hard disk.  Use the monitor command
.B boot c0d0p1
to boot the primary partition MINIX has been installed in.  (It is "c0d0p1" in
our example.)
.PP
The hard disk bootstrap is now showing the menu again.  You can type '='
to start MINIX, but you probably want to change the boot parameters.
Hit
.B ESC
once more to get to the command prompt.  The command
.B set
shows what the current parameters are.  Here is an example that shows how
to make a menu to either start MINIX or boot Windows:
.PP
.XB "minix(=,Minix)\0boot"
.XB "win(w,Windows)\0boot\0c0d0p0"
.XB "save"
.PP
Windows is assumed to be in the first partition in the example above (c0d0p0).
When finished type
.B menu
to see if the menu looks right.  If so hit '=' to start MINIX.  Log in as
root.
.SS "8. ADDING PROGRAMS AND SOURCES TO /usr"
The
.B setup
command can also be used to add files from floppy sets to the system.  The
.B \s-2USR.TAZ\s+2
(programs and stuff),
.B \s-2SYS.TAZ\s+2
(system sources), and
.B \s-2CMD.TAZ\s+2
(commands sources)
are all installed relative to the
.B /usr
directory, so the command to use three times is
.PP
.XB setup\0/usr
.PP
.B Setup
will ask for the size of data on the floppies, which is by default simply
the entire floppy.  You will see some "Cannot make directory" errors
while extracting, as some directories already exist.  Ignore these messages.
You need the
.B \s-2USR.TAZ\s+2
set if you want a working MINIX system,
.B \s-2SYS.TAZ\s+2
if you want recompile the system or study it, and
.B \s-2CMD.TAZ\s+2
if you also want the sources of the commands.  On a disk space
starved machine you could opt to do without the commands sources, as they
are not absolutely necessary to understand MINIX.
.PP
If your machine does not have enough memory to run
.B setup\0/usr
then type these commands manually:
.PP
.XB "cd\0/usr"
.XB "vol\0/dev/fd0 | zcat | tar\0xvfp\0\-"
.PP
If
.3B USR.TAZ
is already present on the hard disk in an
.3A DOS
or Windows partition, then this command can be used under MINIX-386 to
extract it to avoid the floppy detour:
.PP
.XB "cd\0/usr"
.XB "mtools\0copy\0c0d0p0:USR.TAZ\0\- | setup\0/usr"
.PP
In 16-bit mode you don't have mtools, but maybe dosread will work:
.PP
.XB "cd\0/usr"
.XB "dosread\0c0d0p0\0USR.TAZ | setup\0/usr"
.PP
The file doesn't have to be in the root directory of
.BR c0d0p0 ,
of course,
.B "c0d1p0:/TMP/USR.TAZ"
would name a file on the first partition of the second hard disk in the
directory
.BR \eTMP .
.PP
The /usr file system can also be filled through a network from a remote host
if MINIX if you can get networking going with the NET.TAZ supplement.  Use
.B "setup\0/"
to install NET.TAZ (note that it goes into / instead of /usr), then
follow the instructions in
.BR boot (8)
to configure TCP/IP and boot MINIX.  There are now two ways to fill
/usr.  One is to add the host name and login name of a remote host and a
remote user to
.BR /.rhosts ,
as root, and to use the following command on the remote host:
.PP
.XB "rsh\0\-l\0root\0\fIminix-box\fP\0setup\0/usr\0< USR.TAZ"
.PP
Two is to use
.B urlget
to copy the data directly from a Web or FTP site by using these
commands under MINIX:
.PP
.XB "cd\0/usr"
.XB "urlget\0\fIurl\fP.../USR.TAZ | setup\0/usr"
.PP
The sources may be installed using exactly the same commands, but with
.3B USR.TAZ
replaced by
.3B SRC.TAZ .
Note that this means that the sources must also be extracted relative to
.BR /usr .
.SS "9. NAMES"
A standalone machine will have to be given a name.  As
.B root
type
.PP
.XB "echo\0\fIname\fB\0>/etc/hostname.file"
.PP
to change the host name of your machine to
.IR name .
.SS "10. ACTIVE ON BOOT"
You may want to make the MINIX partition active so that it is automatically
booted.  With Windows
.B fdisk
or MINIX
.BR part ,
mark the primary partition that contains MINIX active.  Using the menu you
made earlier you can boot either MINIX or Windows at a keypress.  You can even
set timeouts.  To boot MINIX automatically after 5 seconds:
.PP
.XB "main()\0{trap\05000\0minix;\0menu}"
.PP
See
.BR monitor (8)
for all the details on the monitor.
.PP
If you don't trust this then you can rig up a diskette that boots the MINIX
partition when left in the drive:
.PP
.XB "installboot\0\-m\0/dev/fd0\0/usr/mdec/jumpboot\0010"
.PP
The numbers 010 indicate the device (disk or partition) that must be booted,
i.e.
.B /dev/c0d0p1s0
in this example.  Take the name of the device, and use the disk, partition
and subpartition numbers, or less.  So c0d1p2s0 -> 120, c0d3 -> 3,
c0d2p0 -> 20.)
.SS "11. DEVICES"
A crash course on the MINIX devices in
.BR /dev :
The first two hard disks are named
.BR c0d0
and
.BR c0d1 .
These devices address the entire hard disk, from the
first to the last byte.  Each disk has four partitions, for disk 0 they are
.BR c0d0p0 ,
.BR c0d0p1 ,
.BR c0d0p2 ,
and
.BR c0d0p3 .
And for disk 1 they are named
.BR c0d1p0
to
.BR c0d1p3 .
These partitions may contain file systems,
.B c0d0p0
often contains the
.3A MS-DOS
or Windows "C:" file system.  MINIX can use these partitions
for file systems too, but you can also partition one of these "primary
partitions" into four so-called "subpartitions".  The subpartitions of
.B c0d0p0
are named
.BR c0d0p0s0 ,
.BR c0d0p0s1 ,
.BR c0d0p0s2 ,
and
.BR c0d0p0s3 .
The other partitions may have four subpartitions that are named in the same
way.  See
.BR controller (4)
for an elaborate description.
.PP
You may need to add devices to
.BR /dev ,
because not all devices are present to keep down the clutter.
The command
.3B MAKEDEV
knows how to make devices, and
.3B DESCRIBE
can tell you what an unknown device may be, or even what all devices in
.B /dev
may be if called without arguments.  Devices are described in
.BR dev (4),
with pointers to more specific pages.
.SS "12. EDITORS"
The editors available are
.B elvis
(a
.B vi
clone),
.B elle
(a simple
.B emacs
clone),
and the old MINIX
.B mined
editor.  Of these editors only elvis can recover your file after a system
crash.  Only
.B mined
is available at installation time.  (All you need to know about mined right
now is that CTRL-X gets you out of it.)
.SS "13. BOOT MONITOR VS. MINIX"
The Boot Monitor uses the
.3A BIOS
to address disks, so it has no idea of controllers, it just lumps everything
together and ignores controller numbers.  So what the monitor thinks are
.BR d0 ,
.BR d1 ,
and
.BR d2 ,
may be
.BR c0d0
(IDE primary master),
.BR c0d2
(IDE secondary master), and
.BR c1d3
(SCSI disk at target 3).
One must keep this in mind when MINIX is installed on a disk other than the
very first.  So if MINIX is installed in the third partition of the SCSI disk,
then
.B "boot d2p2"
will boot it, and
.B "rootdev=c1d3p2s0"
will tell MINIX where its root file system is.
.SS "14. NATIONAL KEYBOARDS"
The directory
.B /usr/lib/keymaps
contains keymap tables for several national keyboards.  If you have a German
keyboard for instance, then
.PP
.XB "loadkeys\0/usr/lib/keymaps/german.map"
.PP
will load the German key translation table into the keyboard driver.  Copy
the map to
.B /etc/keymap
once MINIX is installed on the hard disk, because having to type a key
sequence like one of these:
.PP
.XB "loadkezs\0\-usr\-lib\-kezmaps\-german.map"
.XB "loqdkeys\0=usr=lib=key,qps=french.,qp"
.PP
on a reboot gets a bit annoying after a while.  Send corrections and new
keymaps to the person named below.  (Do not send a Dutch keymap, buy
yourself a real keyboard instead.)
.SH SUGGESTIONS
Below are a few useful suggestions.  Some of the information can be of use