user_guide.tex

TTYLINUX迷你代码 TTYLINUX迷你代码

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\title{ttylinux User Guide\\Version 5.0}
\author{Pascal Schmidt}

\begin{document}

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\tableofcontents
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\section{Introduction}

This section gives an overview on ttylinux. What is it, who can use
it, why it is there.


\subsection{What is ttylinux?}
  
ttylinux is a minimalistic Linux distribution. It can be installed
by hand or by using the bootable CD version that includes an
installer script. For a custom installation by hand, another Linux
system already up and running is needed.

ttylinux aims to put as much as possible into as little space as
possible. It provides multi-tasking, multi-user, and networking
capabilities within less than 4 megabytes of operating system size.

The main use that ttylinux comes prepared for is dialing into an
Internet provider by modem or ISDN. A text mode web browser is
present.
     
A package management script capable of installing and removing
binary software packages is included. This makes it possible to
adapt ttylinux to specific needs.

ttylinux can be installed onto hard disk, CD-ROM, or any other media
you can boot from. With a custom made bootable CD-ROM, as little
as 2.88 MB of space are enough. The basic filesystem (excluding
the kernel) is 4 MB in size. If you use the installer provided
by the bootable CD-ROM version of ttylinux, a kernel image of
a little under 2 MB will also be installed. This makes the minimum
workable size for a hard disk partition to install ttylinux on
around 7-8 MB.

You can also use ttylinux as a basis for putting together a more
complete minimal system. ttylinux uses the same C library as full
Linux systems, so compiling programs on another Linux machine and
copying them over to the ttylinux filesystem should result in working
programs.


\subsection{What is ttylinux not?}

ttylinux is not as complete a Linux distribution as others,
mostly due to the limited size. It does not contain developer
tools or a graphical user interface (GUI), for example.
  

\subsection{Who is ttylinux aimed at?}
  
As ttylinux can be used on machines which are considered obsolete by
now, such as 386SX class PCs, it is aimed at people who want to have
a minimalistic Linux distribution to run when little space is
available.
     
ttylinux is aimed at people who already have some Linux experience.
There is no big user manual describing how to use the system, so a
bit of Unix or Linux experience is very useful when trying to use
the system. Most of the programs present are smaller versions of common
Unix utilities, and documentation on those can be found in various places
on the Internet.
     
ttylinux can fit into an Eltorito image useful for bootable CD-ROMs. It
could be used for installation discs or rescue systems on CD. ttylinux
provides a working Linux environment from the boot image, and then
a script could mount the rest of the CD to provide a full system.

Note: ttylinux is really not aimed at Linux beginners. Knowledge
about how to compile a kernel (the basic ttylinux filesystem comes
without a precompiled kernel to allow maximum flexibility, though
the CD-ROM version provides a precompiled kernel) and find your
way around a Linux system in general is assumed.


\subsection{License}

The software packages that are part of ttylinux are licensed under a
number of different open source licenses, as listed below. The scripts
that hold the distribution together are licensed under the GNU General
Public License. A copy is included in the file \url{COPYING}.

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l|l|l}
Package & Version & License\\
\hline
{\tt bash} & {\tt 3.1.14} & GPL\\
{\tt busybox} & {\tt 1.1.0} &  GPL\\
{\tt dhcpcd} & {\tt 1.3.22-pl4} & GPL\\
{\tt dropbear} & {\tt 0.48.1} & MIT\\
{\tt e2fsprogs} & {\tt 1.38} & GPL\\
{\tt e3} & {\tt 2.7.0} & GPL\\
{\tt glibc} & {\tt 2.3.6} & LGPL\\
{\tt iptables} & {\tt 1.3.4} & GPL\\
{\tt isdn4k-utils} & {\tt 3.2p1} & GPL\\
{\tt lilo} & {\tt 22.7.1} & BSD\\
{\tt ncurses} & {\tt 5.5} & GPL\\
{\tt ppp} & {\tt 2.4.4b1} & BSD\\
{\tt retawq} & {\tt 0.2.5c} & GPL\\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

For more information on any of the licenses, please visit
the \url{opensource.org} website.


\section{Installation guide}
  
This section describes the requirements of ttylinux, where to download
it, and how to customize and install it.
     

\subsection{Requirements}
  
The ttylinux distribution requires at least a 386SX processor. How
much memory is needed depends on how you want to run the system.
Running the system from ramdisk will need about 10-12 MB of memory,
depending on the exact kernel version used.

The bootable CD-ROM version uses a fairly large kernel image
to support a broad range of hardware. It also loads the whole
system into a ramdisk. This means the bootable CD-ROM version
needs about 12-14 MB of memory to run.

Once the system is installed onto hard disk, the memory requirement
is reduced to about 8-10 MB of memory. This is when using the
default kernel as installed by the CD-ROM installer. This
requirement can be reduced further by installing a custom kernel
by hand. With a minimal 2.4.x kernel configuration, for example,
ttylinux can be made to run within 5-6 MB of memory.


\subsubsection{Custom kernel requirements}

If you install ttylinux by hand, not using the bootable CD-ROM,
what you get is a 4 MB ext2 filesystem image that contains only
the distribution files. You will need to add a Linux kernel
to this to make a complete system.

The kernel you use will obviously need to support all the hardware
you want to use, plus some additional requirements for ttylinux
itself. The kernel used for running ttylinux needs to have ramdisk
support, initial ramdisk support, and a default ramdisk size of at
least 4096. Note that the stock kernel configuration will use a
ramdisk size of 4096, which is enough. If you want to use the basic
firewall script of ttylinux, your kernel also needs iptables support.

If you want to use the telnet server in ttylinux, your kernel will
need to have Unix98 pseudo terminal support and support for the 
\url{devpts} filesystem.

ttylinux is basically designed to work with any kernel from 2.4.4
upwards. You might be able to run the system with a 2.2.x kernel,
but this is neither officially supported nor tested. The
ttylinux firewall script definitiely won't work with a 2.2.x kernel.

The Linux kernel on the system that is used to install ttylinux needs
to have support for the \url{ext2} filesystem and loopback device. If there
is no loopback  support, you cannot customize ttylinux for your
system. No problem if the defaults suit you perfectly, but that is 
rather unlikely.
     
For the default installation process describes below, it is also
required that the system used to install ttylinux is based on \url{glibc},
also known as \url{libc6}.  The customization process requires you
to run a program from ttylinux at one point that is linked against
\url{glibc}.

This may all sound like a lot of requirements for the preparation
system, but almost any half-recent Linux distribution with its
default kernel will do.


\subsection{Download}
  
You can download ttylinux from the official homepage, which at the
moment is at \url{http://www.minimalinux.org/ttylinux/}.

Go to the downloads page and get the ISO image version if 
you want to burn ttylinux onto a bootable CD-ROM. This version
of ttylinux can be booted on any PC that can boot from a CD-ROM
drive. You can use it as a rescue system or for trying out
ttylinux. You can also use the installer script to install
the system onto hard disk after booting from the CD-ROM.

If you want to install by hand, you can find a binary tarball of
the distribution on the downloads page. Grab this. Inside the
archive you will find this user guide and a file called
\url{rootfs.gz}, which is the compressed filesystem image for
ttylinux itself. It contains an \url{ext2} filesystem with the
distribution installed on it.

The inidividual binary packages that were used to create the filesystem
image are also available for download. You may want to download them if
you use the package manager to remove a package from your ttylinux
system and later need to reinstall it.

You can also download source code packages, including a build system
that you can use to build a binary ttylinux package yourself. The
build system package includes a \url{README} file that describes the
process.


\subsection{Booting the CD-ROM version}

To boot ttylinux from CD-ROM, simply burn the downloaded ISO
image onto a blank disc. Then reboot your computer with the
new disc inserted into your CD-ROM drive. ttylinux should
boot up automatically. Note that your computer's BIOS setup
may not be set up to allow booting from CD-ROM discs. In that
case you need to go into the BIOS setup screen(s) and change
that.

Once ttylinux has booted up, you will be see a login prompt.
You can use the user name "root" (the administrator account)
and password "root" for logging in. Read the rest of this
user guide for pointers about what you can do with the
system.


\subsection{Installing from CD-ROM}

WARNING: Running the installer can easily destroy all operating
system installations currently present on the target machine. 
Proceed with caution and backup all important data before
installing ttylinux! This is no drill.

To install ttylinux onto hard disk from the bootable CD-ROM,
you first need to burn the ISO image onto a blank CD-ROM disc
and boot into it as described in the previous section.

Once logged in as the "root" user, you can start the installation.
You need to know three things to run the installer: what your
CD-ROM device is, onto which hard disk partition you want to
install ttylinux, and where you want to put the boot loader.

If you don't know the answers to those three questions
after reading the following instructions, the safe bet would
be {\bf not} to proceed with installation -- sorry, the ttylinux
installer isn't yet automated or user-friendly enough for you.


\subsubsection{Source CD-ROM device}

The name of your CD-ROM device depends on how the drive is
hooked up to your IDE or SATA controller. If your system uses
IDE, the following device names are possible:

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l|l}
Device name & Description \\
\hline
{\tt /dev/hda} & Master device on first IDE controller \\
{\tt /dev/hdb} & Slave device on first IDE controller \\
{\tt /dev/hdc} & Master device on second IDE controller \\
{\tt /dev/hdd} & Slave device on second IDE controller \\
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

Among the above, {\tt /dev/hda} is very unlikely to be your
CD-ROM device (this is normally the device name of your hard disk).
A more likely possibility is {\tt /dev/hdc}.

If your system uses SATA (Serial ATA), use this table:

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l|l}
Device name & Description \\
\hline
{\tt /dev/scd0} & First SATA CD-ROM device \\
{\tt /dev/scd1} & Second SATA CD-ROM device \\
{\tt /dev/scd2} & Third SATA CD-ROM device \\
{\tt /dev/scd3} & Fourth SATA CD-ROM device
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

Most of the time, your SATA CD-ROM device will be
{\tt /dev/scd0}.


\subsubsection{Target partition device}

You need to find out the device name for the hard disk
partition you want to install ttylinux on. The device names for
partitions are formed by appending numbers to the device name
of the corresponding hard disk. For example, if your hard disk
device is {\tt /dev/hda}, the device {\tt /dev/hda3} is the
third partition on that hard disk. Numbers 1-4 are the primary
partition, extended partitions start at 5.

Due to the combined space requirements of the 4 MB ttylinux
filesystem and the 2 MB default kernel, the minimum partition
size you can install ttylinux on and have it work is about
7-8 MB.

IDE hard disks use the same device names as given for IDE
CD-ROM devices above. For SATA, the names are as follows:

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l|l}
Device name & Description \\
\hline
{\tt /dev/sda} & First SATA hard disk device \\
{\tt /dev/sdb} & Second SATA hard disk device \\
{\tt /dev/sdc} & Third SATA hard disk device \\
{\tt /dev/sdd} & Fourth SATA hard disk device
\end{tabular}
\end{center}

Note that if you want to create a dual-boot setup with
Windows and ttylinux on the same hard-disk later (a topic not
covered here), you can't use {\tt /dev/hda1} or
{\tt /dev/sda1} as your target partition because that is
where Windows needs to be installed to work.

Here are some examples of possible device names for your
target partition:

\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{l|l}
Device name & Description \\
\hline
{\tt /dev/hda1} & First primary partition on primary IDE master \\
{\tt /dev/hdb5} & First extended partition on primary IDE slave \\
{\tt /dev/sda2} & Second primary partition on first SATA hard disk \\
{\tt /dev/sdc6} & Second extended partition on third SATA hard disk
\end{tabular}
\end{center}