list.pm

网页留言本,比一般的留言簿管用

require 5;
package I18N::LangTags::List;
#  Time-stamp: "2002-02-02 20:13:58 MST"
use strict;
use vars qw(%Name $Debug $VERSION);
$VERSION = '0.25';
# POD at the end.

#----------------------------------------------------------------------
{
# read the table out of our own POD!
  my $seeking = 1;
  my $count = 0;
  my($tag,$name);
  while(<I18N::LangTags::List::DATA>) {
    if($seeking) {
      $seeking = 0 if m/=for woohah/;
    } else {
      next unless ($tag, $name) =
       m/\{([-0-9a-zA-Z]+)\}(?:\s*:)?\s*([^\[\]]+)/;
      $name =~ s/\s*[;\.]*\s*$//g;
      next unless $name;
      ++$count;
      print "<$tag> <$name>\n" if $Debug;
      $Name{$tag} = $name;
    }
  }
  die "No tags read??" unless $count;
}
#----------------------------------------------------------------------

sub name {
  my $tag = lc($_[0] || return);
  $tag =~ s/^\s+//s;
  $tag =~ s/\s+$//s;
  
  my $alt;
  if($tag =~ m/^x-(.+)/) {
    $alt = "i-$1";
  } elsif($tag =~ m/^i-(.+)/) {
    $alt = "x-$1";
  } else {
    $alt = '';
  }
  
  my $subform = '';
  my $name = '';
  print "Input: {$tag}\n" if $Debug;
  while(length $tag) {
    last if $name = $Name{$tag};
    last if $name = $Name{$alt};
    if($tag =~ s/(-[a-z0-9]+)$//s) {
      print "Shaving off: $1 leaving $tag\n" if $Debug;
      $subform = "$1$subform";
       # and loop around again
       
      $alt =~ s/(-[a-z0-9]+)$//s && $Debug && print " alt -> $alt\n";
    } else {
      # we're trying to pull a subform off a primary tag. TILT!
      print "Aborting on: {$name}{$subform}\n" if $Debug;
      last;
    }
  }
  print "Output: {$name}{$subform}\n" if $Debug;
  
  return unless $name;   # Failure
  return $name unless $subform;   # Exact match
  $subform =~ s/^-//s;
  $subform =~ s/-$//s;
  return "$name (Subform \"$subform\")";
}

1;

__DATA__

=head1 NAME

I18N::LangTags::List -- tags and names for human languages

=head1 SYNOPSIS

  use I18N::LangTags::List;
  print "Parlez-vous... ", join(', ',
      I18N::LangTags::List::name('elx') || 'unknown_language',
      I18N::LangTags::List::name('ar-Kw') || 'unknown_language',
      I18N::LangTags::List::name('en') || 'unknown_language',
      I18N::LangTags::List::name('en-CA') || 'unknown_language',
    ), "?\n";

prints:

  Parlez-vous... Elamite, Kuwait Arabic, English, Canadian English?

=head1 DESCRIPTION

This module provides a function 
C<I18N::LangTags::List::name( I<langtag> ) > that takes
a language tag (see L<I18N::LangTags|I18N::LangTags>)
and returns the best attempt at an English name for it, or
undef if it can't make sense of the tag.

The function I18N::LangTags::List::name(...) is not exported.

The map of tags-to-names that it uses is accessable as
%I18N::LangTags::List::Name, and it's the same as the list
that follows in this documentation, which should be useful
to you even if you don't use this module.

=head1 ABOUT LANGUAGE TAGS

Internet language tags, as defined in RFC 3066, are a formalism
for denoting human languages.  The two-letter ISO 639-1 language
codes are well known (as "en" for English), as are their forms
when qualified by a country code ("en-US").  Less well-known are the
arbitrary-length non-ISO codes (like "i-mingo"), and the 
recently (in 2001) introduced three-letter ISO-639-2 codes.

Remember these important facts:

=over

=item *

Language tags are not locale IDs.  A locale ID is written with a "_"
instead of a "-", (almost?) always matches C<m/^\w\w_\w\w\b/>, and
I<means> something different than a language tag.  A language tag
denotes a language.  A locale ID denotes a language I<as used in>
a particular place, in combination with non-linguistic
location-specific information such as what currency is used
there.  Locales I<also> often denote character set information,
as in "en_US.ISO8859-1".

=item *

Language tags are not for computer languages.

=item *

"Dialect" is not a useful term, since there is no objective
criterion for establishing when two language-forms are
dialects of eachother, or are separate languages.

=item *

Language tags are not case-sensitive.  en-US, en-us, En-Us, etc.,
are all the same tag, and denote the same language.

=item *

Not every language tag really refers to a single language.  Some
language tags refer to conditions: i-default (system-message text
in English plus maybe other languages), und (undetermined
language).  Others (notably lots of the three-letter codes) are
bibliographic tags that classify whole groups of languages, as
with cus "Cushitic (Other)" (i.e., a
language that has been classed as Cushtic, but which has no more
specific code) or the even less linguistically coherent
sai for "South American Indian (Other)".  Though useful in
bibliography, B<SUCH TAGS ARE NOT
FOR GENERAL USE>.  For further guidance, email me.

=item *

Language tags are not country codes.  In fact, they are often
distinct codes, as with language tag ja for Japanese, and
ISO 3166 country code C<.jp> for Japan.

=back

=head1 LIST OF LANGUAGES

The first part of each item is the language tag, between
{...}.  It
is followed by an English name for the language or language-group.
Language tags that I judge to be not for general use, are bracketed.

This list is in alphabetical order by English name of the language.

=for reminder
 The name in the =item line MUST NOT have E<...>'s in it!!

=for woohah START

=over

=item {ab} : Abkhazian

eq Abkhaz

=item {ace} : Achinese

=item {ach} : Acoli

=item {ada} : Adangme

=item {aa} : Afar

=item {afh} : Afrihili

(Artificial)

=item {af} : Afrikaans

=item [{afa} : Afro-Asiatic (Other)]

=item {aka} : Akan

=item {akk} : Akkadian

(Historical)

=item {sq} : Albanian

=item {ale} : Aleut

=item [{alg} : Algonquian languages]

NOT Algonquin!

=item [{tut} : Altaic (Other)]

=item {am} : Amharic

NOT Aramaic!

=item {i-ami} : Ami

eq Amis.  eq 'Amis.  eq Pangca.

=item [{apa} : Apache languages]

=item {ar} : Arabic

Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media.
Notable forms:
{ar-ae} UAE Arabic;
{ar-bh} Bahrain Arabic;
{ar-dz} Algerian Arabic;
{ar-eg} Egyptian Arabic;
{ar-iq} Iraqi Arabic;
{ar-jo} Jordanian Arabic;
{ar-kw} Kuwait Arabic;
{ar-lb} Lebanese Arabic;
{ar-ly} Libyan Arabic;
{ar-ma} Moroccan Arabic;
{ar-om} Omani Arabic;
{ar-qa} Qatari Arabic;
{ar-sa} Sauda Arabic;
{ar-sy} Syrian Arabic;
{ar-tn} Tunisian Arabic;
{ar-ye} Yemen Arabic.

=item {arc} : Aramaic

NOT Amharic!  NOT Samaritan Aramaic!

=item {arp} : Arapaho

=item {arn} : Araucanian

=item {arw} : Arawak

=item {hy} : Armenian

=item [{art} : Artificial (Other)]

=item {as} : Assamese

=item [{ath} : Athapascan languages]

eq Athabaskan.  eq Athapaskan.  eq Athabascan.

=item [{aus} : Australian languages]

=item [{map} : Austronesian (Other)]

=item {ava} : Avaric

=item {ae} : Avestan

eq Zend

=item {awa} : Awadhi

=item {ay} : Aymara

=item {az} : Azerbaijani

eq Azeri

=item {ban} : Balinese

=item [{bat} : Baltic (Other)]

=item {bal} : Baluchi

=item {bam} : Bambara

=item [{bai} : Bamileke languages]

=item {bad} : Banda

=item [{bnt} : Bantu (Other)]

=item {bas} : Basa

=item {ba} : Bashkir

=item {eu} : Basque

=item {btk} : Batak (Indonesia)

=item {bej} : Beja

=item {be} : Belarusian

eq Belarussian.  eq Byelarussian.
eq Belorussian.  eq Byelorussian.
eq White Russian.  eq White Ruthenian.
NOT Ruthenian!

=item {bem} : Bemba

=item {bn} : Bengali

eq Bangla.

=item [{ber} : Berber (Other)]

=item {bho} : Bhojpuri

=item {bh} : Bihari

=item {bik} : Bikol

=item {bin} : Bini

=item {bi} : Bislama

eq Bichelamar.

=item {bs} : Bosnian

=item {bra} : Braj

=item {br} : Breton

=item {bug} : Buginese

=item {bg} : Bulgarian

=item {i-bnn} : Bunun

=item {bua} : Buriat

=item {my} : Burmese

=item {cad} : Caddo

=item {car} : Carib

=item {ca} : Catalan

eq CatalE<aacute>n.  eq Catalonian.

=item [{cau} : Caucasian (Other)]

=item {ceb} : Cebuano

=item [{cel} : Celtic (Other)]

Notable forms:
{cel-gaulish} Gaulish (Historical)

=item [{cai} : Central American Indian (Other)]

=item {chg} : Chagatai

(Historical?)

=item [{cmc} : Chamic languages]

=item {ch} : Chamorro

=item {ce} : Chechen

=item {chr} : Cherokee

eq Tsalagi

=item {chy} : Cheyenne

=item {chb} : Chibcha

(Historical)  NOT Chibchan (which is a language family).

=item {ny} : Chichewa

eq Nyanja.  eq Chinyanja.

=item {zh} : Chinese

Many forms are mutually un-intelligible in spoken media.
Notable subforms:
{zh-cn} PRC Chinese;
{zh-hk} Hong Kong Chinese;
{zh-mo} Macau Chinese;
{zh-sg} Singapore Chinese;
{zh-tw} Taiwan Chinese;
{zh-guoyu} Mandarin [Putonghua/Guoyu];
{zh-hakka} Hakka [formerly i-hakka];
{zh-min} Hokkien;
{zh-min-nan} Southern Hokkien;
{zh-wuu} Shanghaiese;
{zh-xiang} Hunanese;
{zh-gan} Gan;
{zh-yue} Cantonese.

=for etc
{i-hakka} Hakka (old tag)

=item {chn} : Chinook Jargon

eq Chinook Wawa.

=item {chp} : Chipewyan

=item {cho} : Choctaw

=item {cu} : Church Slavic

eq Old Church Slavonic.

=item {chk} : Chuukese

eq Trukese.  eq Chuuk.  eq Truk.  eq Ruk.

=item {cv} : Chuvash

=item {cop} : Coptic

=item {kw} : Cornish

=item {co} : Corsican

eq Corse.

=item {cre} : Cree

NOT Creek!

=item {mus} : Creek

NOT Cree!

=item [{cpe} : English-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]

=item [{cpf} : French-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]

=item [{cpp} : Portuguese-based Creoles and pidgins (Other)]

=item [{crp} : Creoles and pidgins (Other)]

=item {hr} : Croatian

eq Croat.

=item [{cus} : Cushitic (Other)]

=item {cs} : Czech

=item {dak} : Dakota

eq Nakota.  eq Latoka.

=item {da} : Danish

=item {day} : Dayak

=item {i-default} : Default (Fallthru) Language

Defined in RFC 2277, this is for tagging text
(which must include English text, and might/should include text
in other appropriate languages) that is emitted in a context
where language-negotiation wasn't possible -- in SMTP mail failure
messages, for example.

=item {del} : Delaware

=item {din} : Dinka

=item {div} : Divehi

=item {doi} : Dogri

NOT Dogrib!

=item {dgr} : Dogrib

NOT Dogri!

=item [{dra} : Dravidian (Other)]

=item {dua} : Duala

=item {nl} : Dutch

eq Netherlander.  Notable forms:
{nl-nl} Netherlands Dutch;
{nl-be} Belgian Dutch.

=item {dum} : Middle Dutch (ca.1050-1350)

(Historical)

=item {dyu} : Dyula

=item {dz} : Dzongkha

=item {efi} : Efik

=item {egy} : Ancient Egyptian

(Historical)

=item {eka} : Ekajuk

=item {elx} : Elamite

(Historical)

=item {en} : English

Notable forms:
{en-au} Australian English;
{en-bz} Belize English;
{en-ca} Canadian English;
{en-gb} UK English;
{en-ie} Irish English;
{en-jm} Jamaican English;
{en-nz} New Zealand English;
{en-ph} Philippine English;
{en-tt} Trinidad English;
{en-us} US English;
{en-za} South African English;
{en-zw} Zimbabwe English.

=item {enm} : Old English (1100-1500)

(Historical)

=item {ang} : Old English (ca.450-1100)

eq Anglo-Saxon.  (Historical)

=item {eo} : Esperanto

(Artificial)

=item {et} : Estonian

=item {ewe} : Ewe

=item {ewo} : Ewondo

=item {fan} : Fang

=item {fat} : Fanti

=item {fo} : Faroese

=item {fj} : Fijian

=item {fi} : Finnish

=item [{fiu} : Finno-Ugrian (Other)]

eq Finno-Ugric.  NOT Ugaritic!

=item {fon} : Fon

=item {fr} : French

Notable forms:
{fr-fr} France French;
{fr-be} Belgian French;
{fr-ca} Canadian French;
{fr-ch} Swiss French;
{fr-lu} Luxembourg French;
{fr-mc} Monaco French.

=item {frm} : Middle French (ca.1400-1600)

(Historical)

=item {fro} : Old French (842-ca.1400)

(Historical)

=item {fy} : Frisian

=item {fur} : Friulian

=item {ful} : Fulah

=item {gaa} : Ga

=item {gd} : Scots Gaelic

NOT Scots!

=item {gl} : Gallegan

eq Galician

=item {lug} : Ganda

=item {gay} : Gayo

=item {gba} : Gbaya

=item {gez} : Geez

eq Ge'ez

=item {ka} : Georgian

=item {de} : German

Notable forms:
{de-at} Austrian German;
{de-be} Belgian German;
{de-ch} Swiss German;
{de-de} Germany German;
{de-li} Liechtenstein German;
{de-lu} Luxembourg German.

=item {gmh} : Middle High German (ca.1050-1500)

(Historical)

=item {goh} : Old High German (ca.750-1050)

(Historical)

=item [{gem} : Germanic (Other)]

=item {gil} : Gilbertese

=item {gon} : Gondi

=item {gor} : Gorontalo

=item {got} : Gothic

(Historical)

=item {grb} : Grebo

=item {grc} : Ancient Greek

(Historical)  (Until 15th century or so.)

=item {el} : Modern Greek

(Since 15th century or so.)

=item {gn} : Guarani

GuaranE<iacute>

=item {gu} : Gujarati

=item {gwi} : Gwich'in

eq Gwichin

=item {hai} : Haida

=item {ha} : Hausa

=item {haw} : Hawaiian

Hawai'ian

=item {he} : Hebrew

(Formerly "iw".)

=for etc
{iw} Hebrew (old tag)

=item {hz} : Herero

=item {hil} : Hiligaynon

=item {him} : Himachali

=item {hi} : Hindi

=item {ho} : Hiri Motu

=item {hit} : Hittite

(Historical)

=item {hmn} : Hmong

=item {hu} : Hungarian

=item {hup} : Hupa

=item {iba} : Iban

=item {is} : Icelandic

=item {ibo} : Igbo

=item {ijo} : Ijo

=item {ilo} : Iloko

=item [{inc} : Indic (Other)]

=item [{ine} : Indo-European (Other)]

=item {id} : Indonesian

(Formerly "in".)

=for etc
{in} Indonesian (old tag)

=item {ia} : Interlingua (International Auxiliary Language Association)

(Artificial)  NOT Interlingue!

=item {ie} : Interlingue

(Artificial)  NOT Interlingua!

=item {iu} : Inuktitut

A subform of "Eskimo".

=item {ik} : Inupiaq

A subform of "Eskimo".

=item [{ira} : Iranian (Other)]

=item {ga} : Irish

=item {mga} : Middle Irish (900-1200)

(Historical)

=item {sga} : Old Irish (to 900)

(Historical)

=item [{iro} : Iroquoian languages]

=item {it} : Italian

Notable forms:
{it-it} Italy Italian;
{it-ch} Swiss Italian.

=item {ja} : Japanese

(NOT "jp"!)

=item {jw} : Javanese

=item {jrb} : Judeo-Arabic

=item {jpr} : Judeo-Persian

=item {kab} : Kabyle

=item {kac} : Kachin

=item {kl} : Kalaallisut

eq Greenlandic "Eskimo"

=item {kam} : Kamba

=item {kn} : Kannada

eq Kanarese.  NOT Canadian!

=item {kau} : Kanuri

=item {kaa} : Kara-Kalpak

=item {kar} : Karen

=item {ks} : Kashmiri

=item {kaw} : Kawi

=item {kk} : Kazakh

=item {kha} : Khasi

=item {km} : Khmer

eq Cambodian.  eq Kampuchean.