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<title>坐标转换问题</title>
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<p class=MsoNormal><b><span style='font-size:12.0pt;font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>坐标转换问题</span></b><b><span
lang=EN-US style='font-size:12.0pt'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
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<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:21.0pt'><span style='font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>坐标转换问题的详细了解对于测量很重要，那么请和我一起来讨论这个问题。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><span style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span></span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>首先，我们要弄清楚几种坐标表示方法。大致有三种坐标表示方法：经纬度和高程，空间直角坐标，平面坐标和高程。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>我们通常说的</span><span lang=EN-US>WGS-84</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>坐标是经纬度和高程这一种，北京</span><span lang=EN-US>54</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>坐标是平面坐标和高程着一种。</span><span lang=EN-US><span
style='mso-tab-count:1'> </span></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:21.0pt'><span style='font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>现在，再搞清楚转换的严密性问题，在同一个椭球里的转换都是严密的，而在不同的椭球之间的转换是不严密的。举个例子，在</span><span
lang=EN-US>WGS-84</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>坐标和北京</span><span lang=EN-US>54</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>坐标之间是不存在一套转换参数可以全国通用的，在每个地方会不一样，因为它们是两个不同的椭球基准。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal style='text-indent:21.0pt'><span style='font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>那么，两个椭球间的坐标转换应该是怎样的呢？一般而言比较严密的是用七参数法（包括布尔莎模型，一步法模型，海尔曼特等），即</span><span
lang=EN-US>X</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>平移，</span><span lang=EN-US>Y</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>平移，</span><span lang=EN-US>Z</span><span style='font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>平移，</span><span
lang=EN-US>X</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>旋转，</span><span lang=EN-US>Y</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>旋转，</span><span lang=EN-US>Z</span><span style='font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>旋转，尺度变化</span><span
lang=EN-US>K</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>。要求得七参数就需要在一个地区需要</span><span
lang=EN-US>3</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>个以上的已知点，如果区域范围不大，最远点间的距离不大于</span><span
lang=EN-US>30Km(</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>经验值</span><span lang=EN-US>)</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>，这可以用三参数（莫洛登斯基模型），即</span><span lang=EN-US>X</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>平移，</span><span lang=EN-US>Y</span><span style='font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>平移，</span><span
lang=EN-US>Z</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>平移，而将</span><span lang=EN-US>X</span><span
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