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<P class="tightenable top"><BIG><BIG><BIG><B>Bittorrent Protocol Specification 
v1.0</B> </BIG></BIG></BIG></P>
<H2>Identification</H2>
<P class=tightenable><A class=wiki 
href="http://wiki.theory.org/BitTorrent">BitTorrent</A> is a peer-to-peer file 
sharing protocol designed by Bram Cohen. Visit his pages at <A class=namedurl 
href="http://www.bitconjurer.org/"><SPAN style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap"><IMG 
class=linkicon alt="" src="Bit Torrent Specification.files/http.png" 
border=0>http://www.bitconjurer.org</SPAN></A>. BitTorrent is designed to 
facilitate file transfers among multiple peers across unreliable networks.</P>
<H2>Purpose</H2>
<P class=tightenable>The purpose of this specification is to document version 
1.0 of the BitTorrent protocol specification in detail. Bram's protocol 
specification page <A class=namedurl 
href="http://www.bitconjurer.org/BitTorrent/protocol.html"><SPAN 
style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap"><IMG class=linkicon alt="" 
src="Bit Torrent Specification.files/http.png" 
border=0>http://www.bitconjurer.org/BitTorrent/protocol.html</SPAN></A> outlines 
the protocol in somewhat general terms, and lacks behaviorial detail in some 
areas. The hope is that this document will become a <B>formal</B> specification, 
written in clear, unambiguous terms, which can be used as a basis for discussion 
and implementation in the future.</P>
<P class=tightenable>This document is intended to be maintained and used by the 
BitTorrent development community. Everyone is invited to contribute to this 
document, with the understanding that the content here is intended to represent 
the current protocol, which is already deployed in a number of client 
implementations.</P>
<P class=tightenable>This is not the place to suggest feature requests. For 
that, please go to the mailing list.</P>
<H2>Scope</H2>
<P class=tightenable>This document applies to the first version (i.e. version 
1.0) of the BitTorrent protocol specification. Currently, this applies to the 
torrent file structure, peer wire protocol, and the Tracker HTTP/HTTPS protocol 
specifications. As newer revisions of each protocol are defined, they should be 
specified on their own separate pages, <I><B>not here</B></I>.</P>
<H2>Related Documents</H2>
<P class=tightenable><A class=namedurl 
href="http://www.bitconjurer.org/BitTorrent/protocol.html"><SPAN 
style="WHITE-SPACE: nowrap"><IMG class=linkicon alt="" 
src="Bit Torrent Specification.files/http.png" 
border=0>http://www.bitconjurer.org/BitTorrent/protocol.html</SPAN></A> - The 
official protocol specification.<BR><A class=wiki 
href="http://wiki.theory.org/BitTorrentWishList">BitTorrentWishList</A> - A wish 
list for developers and end users alike.<BR><A class=wiki 
href="http://wiki.theory.org/BitTorrentTrackerExtensions">BitTorrentTrackerExtensions</A> 
- Describes the various extensions of the Tracker protocol that are in use.</P>
<H2>Conventions</H2>
<P class="tightenable bottom">In this document, a number of conventions are used 
in an attempt to present information in a concise and unambiguous fashion.</P>
<UL>
  <LI class="tightenable top bottom"><B>peer</B> v/s <B>client</B>: In this 
  document, a <B>peer</B> is any BitTorrent client participating in a download. 
  The <B>client</B> is also a peer, however it is the BitTorrent client that is 
  running on the local machine. Reader of this specification may choose to think 
  of themselves as the <B>client</B> which connects to numerous <B>peers</B>. 
  <LI class="tightenable top bottom"><B>piece</B> v/s <B>block</B>: In this 
  document, a <B>piece</B> refers to a portion of the downloaded data that is 
  described in the metainfo file, which can be verified by a SHA1 hash. A 
  <B>block</B> is a portion of data that a <B>client</B> may request from a 
  <B>peer</B>. Two or more <B>blocks</B> make up a whole <B>piece</B>, which may 
  then be verified. 
  <LI class="tightenable top"><B>defacto standard</B>: Large blocks of text in 
  <I>italics</I> indicates a practice so common in various client 
  implementations of BitTorrent that it is considered a defacto standard. 
</LI></UL>
<P class=tightenable>In order help others to find recent changes that have been 
made to this document, please fill out the change log (last section). This 
should contain a brief (i.e. one-line) entry for each major change that you've 
made to the document.</P>
<H2>bencoding</H2>
<P class=tightenable>Bencoding is a way to specify and organize data in a terse 
format. It supports the following types: byte strings, integers, lists, and 
dictionaries.</P>
<H3>byte strings</H3>
<P class=tightenable>Byte strings are encoded as follows: <I>&lt;string length 
encoded in base ten ASCII&gt;</I><B>:</B><I>&lt;string data&gt;</I> <BR>Note 
that there is no constant beginning delimiter, and no ending delimiter. 
<BR>Example: <B>4:</B><I>spam</I> represents the string "spam"</P>
<H3>integers</H3>
<P class=tightenable>Integers are encoded as follows: <B>i</B><I>&lt;integer 
encoded in base ten ASCII&gt;</I><B>e</B> <BR>The initial <B>i</B> and trailing 
<B>e</B> are beginning and ending delimiters. <BR>You can have negative numbers 
such as <B>i</B><I>-3</I><B>e</B>. You cannot prefix the number with a zero such 
as <B>i</B><I>04</I><B>e</B>. However, <B>i</B><I>0</I><B>e</B> is 
valid.<BR>Example <B>i</B><I>3</I><B>e</B> represents the integer "3"</P>
<H3>lists</H3>
<P class=tightenable>Lists are encoded as follows: <B>l</B><I>&lt;bencoded 
values&gt;</I><B>e</B> <BR>The initial <B>l</B> and trailing <B>e</B> are 
beginning and ending delimiters.</P>
<P class=tightenable>Lists may contain any bencoded type, including integers, 
strings, dictionaries, and other lists.</P>
<P class=tightenable>Example: <B>l</B><I>4:spam4:eggs</I><B>e</B> represents the 
list of two strings: ["spam", "eggs"]</P>
<H3>dictionaries</H3>
<P class=tightenable>Dictionaries are encoded as follows: 
<B>d</B><I>&lt;bencoded string&gt;&lt;bencoded element&gt;</I><B>e</B> <BR>The 
initial <B>d</B> and trailing <B>e</B> are the beginning and ending 
delimiters.</P>
<P class=tightenable>Note that the keys must be bencoded strings. The values may 
be any bencoded type, including integers, strings, lists, and other 
dictionaries. Keys must be strings and appear in sorted order (sorted as raw 
strings, not alphanumerics).</P>
<P class=tightenable>Example: <B>d</B><I>3:cow3:moo4:spam4:eggs</I><B>e</B> 
represents the dictionary { "cow" =&gt; "moo", "spam" =&gt; "eggs" } 
<BR>Example: <B>d</B><I>4:spaml1:a1:be</I><B>e</B> represents the dictionary { 
"spam" =&gt; ["a", "b"] }</P>
<H2>Metainfo File Structure</H2>
<P class=tightenable><B>All data in a metainfo file is bencoded</B>. The 
specification for bencoding is defined above.</P>
<P class=tightenable>The content of a metainfo file (the file ending in 
".torrent") is a bencoded dictionary, containing the keys listed below. All 
character string values are UTF-8 encoded. Keys not marked 'optional' are 
<B>required fields</B>:</P>
<UL>
  <LI class=tightenable>
  <P class="tightenable top"><B>info</B>: a dictionary that describes the 
  file(s) of the torrent. There are two possible forms: one for the case of a 
  'single-file' torrent with no directory structure, and one for the case of a 
  'multi-file' torrent, which can contain subdirectory trees.</P>
  <DL>
    <DT class="tightenable bottom">For the case of the <B>single-file</B> mode, 
    the <B>info</B> dictionary contains the following structure 
    <DD class="tightenable top">
    <UL>
      <LI class="tightenable top bottom"><B>length</B>: length of the file in 
      bytes (integer) 
      <LI class="tightenable top bottom"><B>md5sum</B>: (optional) a 
      32-character hexadecimal string corresponding to the MD5 sum of the file. 
      This is not used by BitTorrent at all, but it is included by some programs 
      for greater compatibility.
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