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<html><head><title>Index: A</title></head><body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000"><!-- START OF BODY --><!-- TOP BANNER --><p><img src="../gifs/smbanns.gif" usemap="#banner-map" border=0 alt="Book Home" ></a></p><map name="banner-map"><area alt="Learning Perl, 3rd. Ed." href="../index.htm" coords="1,-2,616,66" shape="rect"><area alt="Search this book" href="../jobjects/fsearch.htm" coords="629,-11,726,25" shape="rect"></map><!-- TOP INDEX LINKS --><p><a href="idx_0.htm">Symbols & Numbers</a>| <a href="idx_a.htm">A</a>| <a href="idx_b.htm">B</a>| <a href="idx_c.htm">C</a>| <a href="idx_d.htm">D</a>| <a href="idx_e.htm">E</a>| <a href="idx_f.htm">F</a>| <a href="idx_g.htm">G</a>| <a href="idx_h.htm">H</a>| <a href="idx_i.htm">I</a>| <a href="idx_j.htm">J</a>| <a href="idx_k.htm">K</a>| <a href="idx_l.htm">L</a>| <a href="idx_m.htm">M</a>| <a href="idx_n.htm">N</a>| <a href="idx_o.htm">O</a>| <a href="idx_p.htm">P</a>| <a href="idx_q.htm">Q</a>| <a href="idx_r.htm">R</a>| <a href="idx_s.htm">S</a>| <a href="idx_t.htm">T</a>| <a href="idx_u.htm">U</a>| <a href="idx_v.htm">V</a>| <a href="idx_w.htm">W</a>| <a href="idx_x.htm">X</a>| <a href="idx_y.htm">Y</a>| <a href="idx_z.htm">Z</a></FONT><!-- INDEX SECTION BODY --><H2>Index: A</H2><DL><!-- ========================== --><a name="absolute-value"><dt>absolute value: <a href="../appb_09.htm#INDEX-1218"> B.9.1. Advanced Math Functions</a></dt><!-- ========================== --><a name="addition-operator-+"><dt>addition operator (+): <a href="../ch02_02.htm#INDEX-131">2.2.5. Numeric Operators</a></dt><!-- ========================== --><a name="ampersand-&"><dt>ampersand (&)</dt><dd><dl> <a name="in-subroutine-names"> <dt>in subroutine names: <a href="../ch04_03.htm#INDEX-321">4.3. Invoking a Subroutine</a></dt> <a name="omitting"> <dt>omitting: <a href="../ch04_11.htm#INDEX-364">4.11.1. Omitting the Ampersand</a></dt> </dl></dd><!-- ========================== --><a name="anchors"><dt>anchors: <a href="../ch08_03.htm#INDEX-546">8.3. Anchors</a></dt><dd><dl> <a name="multiple-line-text-and"> <dt>multiple-line text and: <a href="../ch17_05.htm#INDEX-1111">17.5.2. Matching Multiple-line Text</a></dt> </dl></dd><!-- ========================== --><a name="AND-operator-&&"><dt>AND operator (&&): <a href="../ch10_09.htm#INDEX-705">10.9. Logical Operators</a></dt><dd><dl> <dt><a href="../ch10_09.htm#INDEX-719">10.9.3. Control Structures Using Partial-Evaluation Operators</a></dt></dl></dd><!-- ========================== --><a name="angle-brackets"><dt>angle brackets: <a href="../ch01_05.htm#INDEX-108">1.5. A Whirlwind Tour of Perl</a></dt><dd><dl> <dt><a href="../ch12_03.htm#INDEX-857">12.3. An Alternate Syntax for Globbing</a></dt></dl></dd><!-- ========================== --><a name="angle-brackets-"><dt>angle brackets (): <a href="../ch01_05.htm#INDEX-109">1.5. A Whirlwind Tour of Perl</a></dt><dd><dl> <a name="filename-globbing-and"> <dt>filename globbing and: <a href="../ch12_03.htm#INDEX-858">12.3. An Alternate Syntax for Globbing</a></dt> </dl></dd><!-- ========================== --><a name="anonymous-subroutines"><dt>anonymous subroutines: <a href="../appb_20.htm#INDEX-1293"> B.20.3. Anonymous Subroutines and Closures</a></dt><!-- ========================== --><a name="answers-to-exercises-in-this-book"><dt>answers to exercises in this book: <a href="../appa_01.htm#INDEX-1120"> A. Exercise Answers</a></dt><!-- ========================== --><a name="AnyDBM_file-manpage"><dt>AnyDBM_file manpage: <a href="../ch16_01.htm#INDEX-1031">16.1. DBM Files and DBM Hashes</a></dt><!-- ========================== --><a name="a2p-conversion-program"><dt>a2p conversion program: <a href="../appb_25.htm#INDEX-1313"> B.25. Converting Other Languages to Perl</a></dt><!-- ========================== --><a name="append-operator-.="><dt>append operator (.=): <a href="../ch02_05.htm#INDEX-194">2.5.3. Binary Assignment Operators</a></dt><!-- ========================== --><a name="argc"><dt>argc: <a href="../ch06_03.htm#INDEX-447">6.3. The Invocation Arguments</a></dt><!-- ========================== --><a name="argument-lists"><dt>argument lists (see <a href="idx_p.htm#parameter-lists">parameter lists</a>)</dt><!-- ========================== --><a name="arguments"><dt>arguments: <a href="../ch04_05.htm#INDEX-330">4.5. Arguments</a></dt><!-- ========================== --><a name="array-elements"><dt>array elements: <a href="../ch03_01.htm#INDEX-264">3.1. Accessing Elements of an Array</a></dt><!-- ========================== --><a name="array-indices"><dt>array indices: <a href="../ch03_02.htm#INDEX-266">3.2. Special Array Indices</a></dt><!-- ========================== --><a name="arrays"><dt>arrays: <a href="../ch03_01.htm#INDEX-260">3. Lists and Arrays </a></dt><dd><dl> <dt><a href="../appb_10.htm#INDEX-1232"> B.10. Lists and Arrays</a></dt> <a name="interpolating-vs.-printing"> <dt>interpolating vs. printing: <a href="../ch06_04.htm#INDEX-454">6.4. Output to Standard Output</a></dt> <a name="printf-function-and"> <dt>printf function and: <a href="../ch06_05.htm#INDEX-482">6.5.1. Arrays and printf</a></dt> <a name="slices-and"> <dt>slices and: <a href="../ch17_06.htm#INDEX-1116">17.6.1. Array Slice</a></dt> <a name="splice-operator-for"> <dt>splice operator for: <a href="../appb_10.htm#INDEX-1238"> B.10.2. The splice Operator</a></dt> </dl></dd><!-- ========================== --><a name="arrows"><dt>arrows: <a href="../ch05_02.htm#INDEX-396">5.2.3. The Big Arrow</a></dt><dd><dl> <dt><a href="../ch17_04.htm#INDEX-1104">17.4. Unquoted Hash Keys</a></dt></dl></dd><!-- ========================== --><a name="ASCII-mode"><dt>ASCII mode: <a href="../ch01_04.htm#INDEX-68">1.4. How Do I Make a Perl Program?</a></dt><!-- ========================== --><a name="ASCIIbetical-order-sort-operator-for"><dt>ASCIIbetical order, sort operator for: <a href="../ch03_07.htm#INDEX-299">3.7.2. The sort Operator</a></dt><!-- ========================== --><a name="assigning"><dt>assigning</dt><dd><dl> <a name="hashes"> <dt>hashes: <a href="../ch05_02.htm#INDEX-392">5.2.2. Hash Assignment</a></dt> <a name="lists"> <dt>lists: <a href="../ch03_04.htm#INDEX-278">3.4. List Assignment</a></dt> <a name="scalars"> <dt>scalars: <a href="../ch02_05.htm#INDEX-183">2.5.2. Scalar Assignment</a></dt> </dl></dd><!-- ========================== --><a name="assignment-operator-="><dt>assignment operator (=): <a href="../ch02_05.htm#INDEX-188">2.5.2. Scalar Assignment</a></dt><!-- ========================== --><a name="associative-arrays"><dt>associative arrays (see <a href="idx_h.htm#hashes">hashes</a>)</dt><!-- ========================== --><a name="associativity"><dt>associativity: <a href="../ch02_06.htm#INDEX-211">2.6.2. Operator Precedence and Associativity</a></dt><dd><dl> <a name="chart-of"> <dt>chart of: <a href="../ch02_06.htm#INDEX-217">2.6.2. Operator Precedence and Associativity</a></dt> </dl></dd><!-- ========================== --><a name="at-sign@-indicating-arrays"><dt>at-sign(@) indicating arrays: <a href="../ch03_04.htm#INDEX-280">3.4. List Assignment</a></dt><!-- ========================== --><a name="autodecrement-operator---"><dt>autodecrement operator (--): <a href="../ch10_06.htm#INDEX-666">10.6. Autoincrement and Autodecrement</a></dt><!-- ========================== --><a name="autoincrement-operator-++"><dt>autoincrement operator (++): <a href="../ch10_06.htm#INDEX-664">10.6. Autoincrement and Autodecrement</a></dt><!-- ========================== --><a name="automatic-match-variables"><dt>automatic match variables: <a href="../ch09_05.htm#INDEX-599">9.5.2. 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