rfc1885.txt

著名的RFC文档,其中有一些文档是已经翻译成中文的的.

Network Working Group             A. Conta, Digital Equipment Corporation
Request for Comments: 1885                         S. Deering, Xerox PARC
Category: Standards Track                                   December 1995




               Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6)
               for the Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
                             Specification




Status of this Memo

   This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
   Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
   improvements.  Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
   Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
   and status of this protocol.  Distribution of this memo is unlimited.


Abstract


   This document specifies a set of Internet Control Message Protocol
   (ICMP) messages for use with version 6 of the Internet Protocol
   (IPv6).  The Internet Group Management Protocol (IGMP) messages
   specified in STD 5, RFC 1112 have been merged into ICMP, for IPv6,
   and are included in this document.




















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RFC 1885                 ICMPv6 (ICMP for IPv6)            December 1995


Table of Contents



   1. Introduction........................................3

   2. ICMPv6 (ICMP for IPv6)..............................3

         2.1 Message General Format.......................3

         2.2 Message Source Address Determination.........4

         2.3 Message Checksum Calculation.................5

         2.4 Message Processing Rules.....................5

   3. ICMPv6 Error Messages...............................8

         3.1 Destination Unreachable Message..............8

         3.2 Packet Too Big Message......................10

         3.3 Time Exceeded Message.......................11

         3.4 Parameter Problem Message...................12

   4. ICMPv6 Informational Messages......................14

         4.1 Echo Request Message........................14

         4.2 Echo Reply Message..........................15

         4.3 Group Membership Messages...................17

   5. References.........................................19

   6. Acknowledgements...................................19

   7. Security Considerations............................19

   Authors' Addresses....................................20










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RFC 1885                 ICMPv6 (ICMP for IPv6)            December 1995


1. Introduction

   The Internet Protocol, version 6 (IPv6) is a new version of IP.  IPv6
   uses the Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) as defined for IPv4
   [RFC-792], with a number of changes.  The Internet Group Membership
   Protocol (IGMP) specified for IPv4 [RFC-1112] has also been revised
   and has been absorbed into ICMP for IPv6. The resulting protocol is
   called ICMPv6, and has an IPv6 Next Header value of 58.

   This document describes the format of a set of control messages used
   in ICMPv6.  It does not describe the procedures for using these
   messages to achieve functions like Path MTU discovery or multicast
   group membership maintenance; such procedures are described in other
   documents (e.g., [RFC-1112, RFC-1191]).  Other documents may also
   introduce additional ICMPv6 message types, such as Neighbor Discovery
   messages [IPv6-DISC], subject to the general rules for ICMPv6
   messages given in section 2 of this document.

   Terminology defined in the IPv6 specification [IPv6] and the IPv6
   Routing and Addressing specification [IPv6-ADDR] applies to this
   document as well.


2. ICMPv6 (ICMP for IPv6)

   ICMPv6 is used by IPv6 nodes to report errors encountered in
   processing packets, and to perform other internet-layer functions,
   such as diagnostics (ICMPv6 "ping") and multicast membership
   reporting.  ICMPv6 is an integral part of IPv6 and MUST be fully
   implemented by every IPv6 node.


2.1 Message General Format

   ICMPv6 messages are grouped into two classes: error messages and
   informational messages.  Error messages are identified as such by
   having a zero in the high-order bit of their message Type field
   values.  Thus, error messages have message Types from 0 to 127;
   informational messages have message Types from 128 to 255.

   This document defines the message formats for the following ICMPv6
   messages:









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RFC 1885                 ICMPv6 (ICMP for IPv6)            December 1995


        ICMPv6 error messages:

             1    Destination Unreachable      (see section 3.1)
             2    Packet Too Big               (see section 3.2)
             3    Time Exceeded                (see section 3.3)
             4    Parameter Problem            (see section 3.4)

        ICMPv6 informational messages:

             128  Echo Request                 (see section 4.1)
             129  Echo Reply                   (see section 4.2)
             130  Group Membership Query       (see section 4.3)
             131  Group Membership Report      (see section 4.3)
             132  Group Membership Reduction   (see section 4.3)


   Every ICMPv6 message is preceded by an IPv6 header and zero or more
   IPv6 extension headers. The ICMPv6 header is identified by a Next
   Header value of 58 in the immediately preceding header.  (NOTE: this
   is different than the value used to identify ICMP for IPv4.)

   The ICMPv6 messages have the following general format:

       0                   1                   2                   3
       0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |     Type      |     Code      |          Checksum             |
      +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+
      |                                                               |
      +                         Message Body                          +
      |                                                               |

   The type field indicates the type of the message. Its value
   determines the format of the remaining data.

   The code field depends on the message type. It is used to create an
   additional level of message granularity.

   The checksum field is used to detect data corruption in the ICMPv6
   message and parts of the IPv6 header.


2.2 Message Source Address Determination

   A node that sends an ICMPv6 message has to determine both the Source
   and Destination IPv6 Addresses in the IPv6 header before calculating
   the checksum.  If the node has more than one unicast address, it must
   choose the Source Address of the message as follows:



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RFC 1885                 ICMPv6 (ICMP for IPv6)            December 1995


    (a) If the message is a response to a message sent to one of the
        node's unicast addresses, the Source Address of the reply must
        be that same address.

    (b) If the message is a response to a message sent to a multicast or
        anycast group in which the node is a member, the Source Address
        of the reply must be a unicast address belonging to the
        interface on which the multicast or anycast packet was received.

    (c) If the message is a response to a message sent to an address
        that does not belong to the node, the Source Address should be
        that unicast address belonging to the node that will be most
        helpful in diagnosing the error. For example, if the message is
        a response to a packet forwarding action that cannot complete
        successfully, the Source Address should be a unicast address
        belonging to the interface on which the packet forwarding
        failed.

    (d) Otherwise, the node's routing table must be examined to
        determine which interface will be used to transmit the message
        to its destination, and a unicast address belonging to that
        interface must be used as the Source Address of the message.


2.3 Message Checksum Calculation

   The checksum is the 16-bit one's complement of the one's complement
   sum of the entire ICMPv6 message starting with the ICMPv6 message
   type field, prepended with a "pseudo-header" of IPv6 header fields,
   as specified in [IPv6, section 8.1].  The Next Header value used in
   the pseudo-header is 58.  (NOTE: the inclusion of a pseudo-header in
   the ICMPv6 checksum is a change from IPv4; see [IPv6] for the
   rationale for this change.)

   For computing the checksum, the checksum field is set to zero.


2.4 Message Processing Rules

   Implementations MUST observe the following rules when processing
   ICMPv6 messages (from [RFC-1122]):

    (a) If an ICMPv6 error message of unknown type is received, it MUST
        be passed to the upper layer.

    (b) If an ICMPv6 informational message of unknown type is received,
        it MUST be silently discarded.




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RFC 1885                 ICMPv6 (ICMP for IPv6)            December 1995


    (c) Every ICMPv6 error message (type < 128) includes as much of the
        IPv6 offending (invoking) packet (the packet that caused the
        error) as will fit without making the error message packet
        exceed 576 octets.

    (d) In those cases where the internet-layer protocol is required to
        pass an ICMPv6 error message to the upper-layer protocol, the
        upper-layer protocol type is extracted from the original packet
        (contained in the body of the ICMPv6 error message) and used to
        select the appropriate upper-layer protocol entity to handle the
        error.

        If the original packet had an unusually large amount of
        extension headers, it is possible that the upper-layer protocol
        type may not be present in the ICMPv6 message, due to truncation
        of the original packet to meet the 576-octet limit.  In that
        case, the error message is silently dropped after any IPv6-layer
        processing.

    (e) An ICMPv6 error message MUST NOT be sent as a result of
        receiving:

         (e.1) an ICMPv6 error message, or

         (e.2) a packet destined to an IPv6 multicast address (there are
               two exceptions to this rule: (1) the Packet Too Big
               Message - Section 3.2 - to allow Path MTU discovery to
               work for IPv6 multicast, and (2) the Parameter Problem
               Message, Code 2 - Section 3.4 - reporting an unrecognized
               IPv6 option that has the Option Type highest-order two
               bits set to 10), or

         (e.3) a packet sent as a link-layer multicast, (the exception
               from e.2 applies to this case too), or

         (e.4) a packet sent as a link-layer broadcast, (the exception
               from e.2 applies to this case too), or

         (e.5) a packet whose source address does not uniquely identify
               a single node -- e.g., the IPv6 Unspecified Address, an
               IPv6 multicast address, or an address known by the ICMP
               message sender to be an IPv6 anycast address.

    (f) Finally, to each sender of an erroneous data packet, an IPv6
        node MUST limit the rate of ICMPv6 error messages sent, in order
        to limit the bandwidth and forwarding costs incurred by the
        error messages when a generator of erroneous packets does not
        respond to those error messages by ceasing its transmissions.



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        There are a variety of ways of implementing the rate-limiting
        function, for example:

         (f.1) Timer-based - for example, limiting the rate of
               transmission of error messages to a given source, or to
               any source, to at most once every T milliseconds.

         (f.2)  Bandwidth-based - for example, limiting the rate at
               which error messages are sent from a particular interface
               to some fraction F of the attached link's bandwidth.

        The limit parameters (e.g., T or F in the above examples) MUST
        be configurable for the node, with a conservative default value
        (e.g., T = 1 second, NOT 0 seconds, or F = 2 percent, NOT 100
        percent).

   The following sections describe the message formats for the above
   ICMPv6 messages.