rfc1030.txt

著名的RFC文档,其中有一些文档是已经翻译成中文的的.

   The fastest single-buffer transmission rate was 1.45 megabits per
   second, and was achieved using a test case with the following
   parameters:

      transfer size   2-5 million bytes


      data packet size
                      1438 bytes (maximum size excluding protocol
                      headers).


      buffer size     14380 bytes


      burst size      5 packets


      burst interval  30 milliseconds (6.0 milliseconds x 5 packets).

   A second test, this one with parameters identical to the first save
   for number of outstanding buffers (2 instead of 1) resulted in
   substantially lower throughput (994 kilobits per second), with a
   large number of packets retransmitted (10%).  The retransmissions
   occurred because the 3COM 3C500 network interface has only one
   hardware packet buffer and cannot hold a transmitting and receiving
   packet at the same time.  With two outstanding buffers, the sender of
   data can transmit constantly; this means that when the receiver of
   data attempts to send a packet, its interface's receive hardware goes



M. Lambert                                                      [Page 6]

RFC 1030              Testing the NETBLT Protocol          November 1987


   deaf to the network and any packets being transmitted at the time by
   the sender of data are lost.  A symmetrical problem occurs with
   control messages sent from receiver of data to sender of data, but
   the number of control messages sent is small enough and the
   retransmission algorithm redundant enough that little performance
   degradation occurs due to control message loss.

   When the burst interval was lengthened from 30 milliseconds per 5
   packet burst to 45 milliseconds per 5 packet burst, a third as many
   packets were dropped, and throughput climbed accordingly, to 1.12
   megabits per second.  Presumably, the longer burst interval allowed
   more dead time between bursts and less likelihood of the receiver of
   data's interface being deaf to the net while the sender of data was
   sending a packet.  An interesting note is that, when the same test
   was conducted on a special Ethernet LAN with the only two hosts
   attached being the two NETBLT machines, no packets were dropped once
   the burst interval rose above 40 milliseconds/5 packet burst.  The
   improved performance was doubtless due to the absence of extra
   network traffic.

7. Testing on the Wideband Network

   The following section describes results gathered using the Wideband
   network.  The Wideband network is a satellite-based network with ten
   stations competing for a raw satellite channel bandwidth of 3
   megabits per second.  Since the various tests resulted in substantial
   changes to the NETBLT specification and implementation, some of the
   major changes are described along with the results and problems that
   forced those changes.

   The Wideband network has several characteristics that make it an
   excellent environment for testing NETBLT.  First, it has an extremely
   long round-trip delay (1.8 seconds).  This provides a good test of
   NETBLT's rate control and multiple-buffering capabilities.  NETBLT's
   rate control allows the packet transmission rate to be regulated
   independently of the maximum allowable amount of outstanding data,
   providing flow control as well as very large "windows".  NETBLT's
   multiple-buffering capability enables data to still be transmitted
   while earlier data are awaiting retransmission and subsequent data
   are being prepared for transmission.  On a network with a long
   round-trip delay, the alternative "lock-step" approach would require
   a 1.8 second gap between each buffer transmission, degrading
   performance.

   Another interesting characteristic of the Wideband network is its
   throughput.  Although its raw bandwidth is 3 megabits per second, at
   the time of these tests fully 2/3 of that was consumed by low-level
   network overhead and hardware limitations.  (A detailed analysis of



M. Lambert                                                      [Page 7]

RFC 1030              Testing the NETBLT Protocol          November 1987


   the overhead appears at the end of this document.)  This reduces the
   available bandwidth to just over 1 megabit per second.  Since the
   NETBLT implementation can run substantially faster than that, testing
   over the Wideband net allows us to measure NETBLT's ability to
   utilize very high percentages of available bandwidth.

   Finally, the Wideband net has some interesting packet reorder and
   delay characteristics that provide a good test of NETBLT's ability to
   deal with these problems.

   Testing progressed in several phases.  The first phase involved using
   source-routed packets in a path from an IBM PC/AT on MIT's Subnet 26,
   through a BBN Butterfly Gateway, over a T1 link to BBN, onto the
   Wideband network, back down into a BBN Voice Funnel, and onto ISI's
   Ethernet to another IBM PC/AT.  Testing proceeded fairly slowly, due
   to gateway software and source-routing bugs.  Once a connection was
   finally established, we recorded a best throughput of approximately
   90K bits per second.

   Several problems contributed to the low throughput.  First, the
   gateways at either end were forwarding packets onto their respective
   LANs faster than the IBM PC/AT's could accept them (the 3COM 3C500
   interface would not have time to re-enable input before another
   packet would arrive from the gateway).  Even with bursts of size 1,
   spaced 6 milliseconds apart, the gateways would aggregate groups of
   packets coming from the same satellite frame, and send them faster
   than the PC could receive them.  The obvious result was many dropped
   packets, and degraded performance.  Also, the half-duplex nature of
   the 3COM interface caused incoming packets to be dropped when packets
   were being sent.

   The number of packets dropped on the sending NETBLT side due to the
   long interface re-enable time was reduced by packing as many control
   messages as possible into a single control packet (rather than
   placing only one message in a control packet).  This reduced the
   number of control packets transmitted to one per buffer transmission,
   which the PC was able to handle.  In particular, messages of the form
   OK(n) were combined with messages of the form GO(n + 1), in order to
   prevent two control packets from arriving too close together to both
   be received.

   Performance degradation from dropped control packets was also
   minimized by changing to a highly redundant control packet
   transmission algorithm.  Control messages are now stored in a single
   long-lived packet, with ACKed messages continuously bumped off the
   head of the packet and new messages added at the tail of the packet.
   Every time a new message needs to be transmitted, any unACKed old
   messages are transmitted as well.  The sending NETBLT, which receives



M. Lambert                                                      [Page 8]

RFC 1030              Testing the NETBLT Protocol          November 1987


   these control messages, is tuned to ignore duplicate messages with
   almost no overhead.  This transmission redundancy puts little
   reliance on the NETBLT control timer, further reducing performance
   degradation from lost control packets.

   Although the effect of dropped packets on the receiving NETBLT could
   not be completely eliminated, it was reduced somewhat by some changes
   to the implementation.  Data packets from the sending NETBLT are
   guaranteed to be transmitted by buffer number, lowest number first.
   In some cases, this allowed the receiving NETBLT to make retransmit-
   request decisions for a buffer N, if packets for N were expected but
   none were received at the time packets for a buffer N+M were
   received.  This optimization was somewhat complicated, but improved
   NETBLT's performance in the face of missing packets.  Unfortunately,
   the dropped-packet problem remained until the NETBLT implementation
   was ported to a SUN-3 workstation.  The SUN is able to handle the
   incoming packets quite well, dropping only 0.5% of the data packets
   (as opposed to the PC's 15 - 20%).

   Another problem with the Wideband network was its tendency to re-
   order and delay packets.  Dealing with these problems required
   several changes in the implementation.  Previously, the NETBLT
   implementation was "optimized" to generate retransmit requests as
   soon as possible, if possible not relying on expiration of a data
   timer.  For instance, when the receiving NETBLT received an LDATA
   packet for a buffer N, and other packets in buffer N had not arrived,
   the receiver would immediately generate a RESEND for the missing
   packets.  Similarly, under certain circumstances, the receiver would
   generate a RESEND for a buffer N if packets for N were expected and
   had not arrived before packets for a buffer N+M.  Obviously, packet-
   reordering made these "optimizations" generate retransmit requests
   unnecessarily.  In the first case, the implementation was changed to
   no longer generate a retransmit request on receipt of an LDATA with
   other packets missing in the buffer.  In the second case, a data
   timer was set with an updated (and presumably more accurate) value,
   hopefully allowing any re-ordered packets to arrive before timing out
   and generating a retransmit request.

   It is difficult to accommodate Wideband network packet delay in the
   NETBLT implementation.  Packet delays tend to occur in multiples of
   600 milliseconds, due to the Wideband network's datagram reservation
   scheme.  A timer value calculation algorithm that used a fixed
   variance on the order of 600 milliseconds would cause performance
   degradation when packets were lost.  On the other hand, short fixed
   variance values would not react well to the long delays possible on
   the Wideband net.  Our solution has been to use an adaptive data
   timer value calculation algorithm.  The algorithm maintains an
   average inter-packet arrival value, and uses that to determine the



M. Lambert                                                      [Page 9]

RFC 1030              Testing the NETBLT Protocol          November 1987


   data timer value.  If the inter-packet arrival time increases, the
   data timer value will lengthen.

   At this point, testing proceeded between NETBLT implementations on a
   SUN-3 workstation and an IBM PC/AT.  The arrival of a Butterfly
   Gateway at ISI eliminated the need for source-routed packets; some
   performance improvement was also expected because the Butterfly
   Gateway is optimized for IP datagram traffic.

   In order to put the best Wideband network test results in context, a
   short analysis follows, showing the best throughput expected on a
   fully loaded channel.  Again, a detailed analysis of the numbers that
   follow appears at the end of this document.

   The best possible datagram rate over the current Wideband
   configuration is 24,054 bits per channel frame, or 3006 bytes every
   21.22 milliseconds.  Since the transmission route begins and ends on
   an Ethernet, the largest amount of data transmissible (after
   accounting for packet header overhead) is 1438 bytes per packet.
   This translates to approximately 2 packets per frame.  Since we want
   to avoid overflowing the channel, we should transmit slightly slower
   than the channel frame rate of 21.2 milliseconds.  We therefore came
   up with a best possible throughput of 2 1438-byte packets every 22
   milliseconds, or 1.05 megabits per second.

   Because of possible software bugs in either the Butterfly Gateway or
   the BSAT (gateway-to-earth-station interface), 1438-byte packets were
   fragmented before transmission over the Wideband network, causing
   packet delay and poor performance.  The best throughput was achieved
   with the following values:

      transfer size   500,000 - 750,000 bytes


      data packet size
                      1432 bytes


      buffer size     14320 bytes


      burst size      5 packets


      burst interval  55 milliseconds

   Steady-state throughputs ranged from 926 kilobits per second to 942
   kilobits per second, approximately 90% channel utilization.  The



M. Lambert                                                     [Page 10]

RFC 1030              Testing the NETBLT Protocol          November 1987


   amount of data transmitted should have been an order of magnitude
   higher, in order to get a longer steady-state period; unfortunately
   at the time we were testing, the Ethernet interface of ISI's
   Butterfly Gateway would lock up fairly quickly (in 40-60 seconds) at
   packet rates of approximately 90 per second, forcing a gateway reset.
   Transmissions therefore had to take less than this amount of time.
   This problem has reportedly been fixed since the tests were
   conducted.

   In order to test the Wideband network under overload conditions, we
   attempted several tests at rates of 5 1432-byte packets every 50
   milliseconds.  At this rate, the Wideband network ground to a halt as
   four of the ten network BSATs immediately crashed and reset their
   channel processor nodes.  Apparently, the BSATs crash because the ESI
   (Earth Station Interface), which sends data from the BSAT to the
   satellite, stops its transmit clock to the BSAT if it runs out of
   buffer space.  The BIO interface connecting BSAT and ESI does not
   tolerate this clock-stopping, and typically locks up, forcing the
   channel processor node to reset.  A more sophisticated interface,
   allowing faster transmissions, is being installed in the near future.

8. Future Directions

   Some more testing needs to be performed over the Wideband Network in
   order to get a complete analysis of NETBLT's performance.  Once the
   Butterfly Gateway Ethernet interface lockup problem described earlier
   has been fixed, we want to perform transmissions of 10 to 50 million
   bytes to get accurate steady-state throughput results.  We also want
   to run several NETBLT processes in parallel, each tuned to take a
   fraction of the Wideband Network's available bandwidth.  Hopefully,
   this will demonstrate whether or not burst synchronization across
   different NETBLT processes will cause network congestion or failure.
   Once the BIO BSAT-ESI interface is upgraded, we will want to try for
   higher throughputs, as well as greater hardware stability under
   overload conditions.