rfc1023.txt

著名的RFC文档,其中有一些文档是已经翻译成中文的的.

   or          dict    GET-ATTRIBUTES    dict
               If there is no template, emit Attribute objects for all
               of the items in the dictionary.  This is equivalent to
               providing a template that lists all of the items in the
               dictionary.  This allows a complete list of a
               dictionary's contents to be obtained.

   GET-ATTRIBUTES-MATCH
               dict value template GET-ATTRIBUTES-MATCH dict <array>
               should be an array (dictionary containing only one
               type of item).  The first tag in <value> and
               <template> must match this type.  For each entry in
               <array>, match the <value> against the contents of the
               entry.  If there is a match, emit the atributes based
               upon <template>, just as in a GET-ATTRIBUTES operation.

   GET-ATTRIBUTES-MATCH is necessary because there will be situations
   where the contents of the elements of an array may differ, even
   though the array elements themselves are of the same type.  The most
   obvious example of this is the situation where several network
   interfaces exist and are of different types, with different data
   collected for each type.

   NOTE:  The GET-ATTRIBUTES-MATCH operator will disappear if a
   generalized filtering mechanism is devised.

   ADDITIONAL NOTE:  A much cleaner method would be to store the
   attributes as sub-components of the data item of interest.  For
   example, requesting:
          system{ clock-msec() }  GET
   would normally just get the value of the data.  Asking for an



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RFC 1023                     HEMS Language                  October 1987


   additional layer down the tree would now get its attributes:
          system{ clock-msec{ shortDesc, unitsDesc }  GET
   would get the named attributes.  (The attributes would be named with
   application-specific tags.)  Unfortunately, ASN.1 doesn't provide an
   obvious notation to describe this type of organization.  So, we're
   stuck with the GET-ATTRIBUTES operator.  However, if this cleaner
   organization becomes possible, this decision may be re-thought.

Examining Memory

   Even with the ability to symbolically access all of this information
   in an entity, there will still be times when it is necessary to get
   to very low levels and examine memory, as in remote debugging
   operations.  The building blocks outlined so far can easily be
   extended to allow memory to be examined.

   Memory is modeled as an array, with an ASN.1 representation of
   OctetString.  Because of the variety of addressing architectures in
   existence, the conversion between the OctetString and "memory" is
   very machine-dependent.  The only simple case is for byte-addressed
   machines with 8 bits per byte.

   Each address space in an entity is represented by one dictionary.  In
   a one-address-space situation, this dictionary will be at the top
   level.  If each process has its own address space, then one "memory"
   dictionary may exist for each process.

   The GET-RANGE operator is provided for the primary purpose of
   retrieving the contents of memory, but can be used on any array.  It
   is only useful in these other contexts if the array index is
   meaningful.

   GET-RANGE   array start length    GET-RANGE    dict
               Get <length> elements of <array> starting at <start>.
               <start> and <length> are both ASN.1 INTEGER type.

   The returned data may not be <length> octets long, since it may take
   more than one octet to represent one memory location.

   Memory is special in that it will not automatically be returned as
   part of a request for an entire dictionary (e.g., If memory is part
   of the "system" dictionary, then requesting:
          system{}
   will emit the entire contents of the system dictionary, but not the
   memory item).

   NOTE:  The GET-RANGE operator may disappear if a generalized
   filtering mechanism is devised.



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RFC 1023                     HEMS Language                  October 1987


Controlling Things

   All of the operators defined so far only allow data in an entity to
   be retrieved.  By replacing the "template" arguments used in the GET
   operators with values, data in the entity can be changed.

   There are many control operations that do not correspond to simply
   changing the value of a piece of data, such as bringing an interface
   "down" or "up".  In these cases, a special data item associated with
   the component being controlled (e.g., each interface), would be
   defined.  Control operations then consist of "setting" this item to
   an appropriate command code.

   SET         dict value    SET    dict
               Set the value(s) of data in the entity to the value(s)
               given in <value>.

   SET-MATCH   array mvalue svalue    SET-MATCH    dict
               <array> should be a array (dictionary containing only one
               type of item).  The first tag in <mvalue> and <svalue>
               must match this type.  For each entry in <array>, match
               the <mvalue> against the contents of the entry.  If there
               is a match, set value(s) in the entity to the value(s) in
               <svalue>, just as in SET.

   CREATE      array value    SET    dict
               Insert a new entry into <array>.  Depending upon the
               context, there may be severe restrictions about what
               constitutes a valid <value>.

   DELETE      array value    SET    dict
               Delete the entry(s) in <array> that have values that
               match <value>.

   If there are several leaf items in the matched value, as in
          route-entry{ interface(1), cost(3) }
   all of them must match an array entry for any values to be changed.

   Here is an example of how this operator would be used to shut down
   the interface with ip-address 10.0.0.51 changing its status to
   "down".

          interfaces BEGIN                    -- get dictionary
          interface{ ip-addr(10.0.0.51) }     -- value to match
          interface{ status(down) }           -- value to set
          SET-MATCH
          END                                 -- finished with dict




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RFC 1023                     HEMS Language                  October 1987


   Delete the routing table entry for 36.0.0.0.

          route-table BEGIN                   -- get dictionary
          route-entry{ ip-addr(36.0.0.0) }    -- value to match
          DELETE
          END                                 -- finished with dict

   Note that this BEGIN/END pair ends up sending an empty ASN.1 item.
   We don't regard this as a problem, as it is likely that there will be
   some get operations executed in the same context.  In addition, the
   "open" ASN.1 item provides the correct context for reporting errors.
   (See page 14.)

   NOTE:  The SET-MATCH operator will disappear and the DELETE operator
   will change if a generalized filtering mechanism is devised.

Atomic Operations

   Atomic operations can be provided if desired by allowing the stack to
   contain a fragment of a query.  A new operation would take a query
   fragment and verify its executability and execute it, atomically.

   This is mentioned as a possibility, but it may be difficult to
   implement.  More study is needed.

ERRORS

   If some particular information is requested but is not available for
   any reason (e.g., it doesn't apply to this implementation, isn't
   collected, etc.), it can ALWAYS be returned as "no-value" by giving
   the ASN.1 length as 0.

   When there is any other kind of error, such as having improper
   arguments on the top of the stack or trying to execute BEGIN when the
   tag doesn't refer to a dictionary, an ERROR object be emitted.  The
   contents of this object identify the exact nature of the error and
   are discussed in RFC-1024.

   Since there may be several unterminated ASN.1 objects in progress at
   the time the error occurs, each one must be terminated.  Each
   unterminated object will be closed with a copy of the ERROR object.
   Depending upon the type of length encoding used for this object, this
   will involve filling the value for the length (definite length form)
   or emitting two zero octets (indefinite length form).  After all
   objects are terminated, a final copy of the ERROR object will be
   emitted.  This structure guarantees that the error will be noticed at
   every level of interpretation on the receiving end.




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RFC 1023                     HEMS Language                  October 1987


   If there was an error before any ASN.1 objects were generated, then
   the result would simply be:
          error(details)

   If a couple of ASN.1 objects were unterminated, the result might look
   like:

          interfaces{
               interface { name(...) type(...) error(details) }
               error(details)
               }
          error{details}

EXTENDING THE SET OF VALUES

   There are two ways to extend the set of values understood by the
   query language.  The first is to register the data and its meaning
   and get an ASN.1 tag assigned for it.  This is the preferred method
   because it makes that data specification available for everyone to
   use.

   The second method is to use the VendorSpecific application type to
   "wrap" the vendor-specific data.  Wherever an implementation defines
   data that is not in RFC-1024, the "VendorSpecific" tag should be used
   to label a dictionary containing the vendor-specific data.  For
   example, if a vendor had some data associated with interfaces that
   was too strange to get standard numbers assigned for, they could,
   instead represent the data like this:

          interfaces {
                  interface {
                          in-pkts, out-pkts, ...
                          VendorSpecific { ephemeris, declination }
                          }
                  }

   In this case, ephemeris and declination are two context-dependent
   tags assigned by the vendor for its non-standard data.

   If the vendor-specific method is chosen, the private data MUST have
   descriptions available through the GET-ATTRIBUTES and GET-
   ATTRIBUTESMATCH operators.  Even with this descriptive ability, the
   preferred method is to get standard numbers assigned if possible.

IMPLEMENTATION

   Although it is not normally in the spirit of RFCs to define an
   implementation, the authors feel that some suggestions will be useful



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RFC 1023                     HEMS Language                  October 1987


   to early implementors of the query language.  This list is not meant
   to be complete, but merely to give some hints about how the authors
   imagine that the query processor might be implemented efficiently.

         - The stack is an abstraction -- it should be implemented
           with pointers, not by copying dictionaries, etc.

         - An object-oriented approach should make initial
           implementation fairly easy.  Changes to the "shape" if the
           data items (which will certainly occur, early on) will also
           be easier to make.

         - Only a few "messages" need to be understood by objects.

         - Most interesting objects are dictionaries, each of which
           can be implemented using pointers to the data and procedure
           "hooks" to perform specific operations such as GET, MATCH,
           SET, etc.

         - The hardest part is actually extracting the data from an
           existing TCP/IP implementions that weren't designed with
           detailed monitoring in mind.  This should be less of a
           problem if a system is designed with easy monitoring as a
           goal.

OBTAINING A COPY OF THE ASN.1 SPECIFICATION

   Copies of ISO Standard ASN.1 (Abstract Syntax Notation 1) are
   available from the following source.  It comes in two parts; both are
   needed:

          IS 8824 -- Specification (meaning, notation)
          IS 8825 -- Encoding Rules (representation)

   They are available from:

          Omnicom Inc.
          115 Park St, S.E.          (new address as of March, 1987)
          Vienna, VA  22180
          [phone]











Trewitt & Partridge                                            [Page 17]