rfc1941.html

著名的RFC文档,其中有一些文档是已经翻译成中文的的.

Consortium for
School Networking.  The global regional Network Information Centers
(NICs) such as the Reseaux IP Europeens Network Coordination Centre
(RIPE NCC) in Europe can also provide a list of service providers.
The Asia Pacific Network Information Center (APNIC) in the Pacific
Rim will have a similar list in the near future. These two NICs are
listed in <A HREF="#9">Section 9, "Resources and Contacts."</A>
<P>
<A NAME="4.2"></A>
<H4>4.2  What are the other costs associated with having Internet 
access?</H4>
<P>
When budgeting for your school's Internet connection there are a
number of factors to consider that might not seem immediately
obvious. Technical support and training will incur additional ongoing
costs, even if those costs show up only as someone's time. Equipment
will need to be maintained and upgraded as time passes, and even when
all teachers have received basic Internet training, they will most
likely have questions as they explore and learn more on their own. A
general rule for budget planning is this: for every dollar you spend
on hardware and software, plan to spend three dollars to support the
technology and those using it.
<P>
It will be necessary for your school to have some technical expertise
on-site. (See also <A HREF="#4.4">Question 4.4</A>.) Your network access 
provider may
offer training and support for technical issues, and other groups
also offer formal classes and seminars. If your school has designated
technical personnel, they will be good candidates for such classes
and seminars. If your school does not have designated technical
personnel, a teacher or other staff member with a strong interest may
take on the task of becoming the local expert, but a better solution
is to have someone dedicated to this at least part time. Students can
help local experts maintain equipment and do other tasks, which
allows them to learn new skills at the same time.
<P>
Training is an equally significant component to deployment of the
Internet in schools. Most teachers learn about the Internet during
the time they use to learn about any new teaching tool, which often
means they "steal" time at lunch, on weekends, and before and after
school to explore resources and pursue relationships via the
Internet. When a school is committed to providing the Internet as an
educational resource, the administration will make in-service time
available. It will also ensure that someone at the school is
sufficiently knowledgeable to field questions and help people as they
risk trying new ways of teaching using Internet resources. Again,
some students make excellent tutors.
<P>
Some technical support and a variety of training materials can be
found by using the Internet itself. You can send questions to people
in the know and join discussion lists and news groups that discuss
and answer questions about support and training. The Edtech mail list
is one such list. Some World Wide Web sites offer technical support
information.  Videos also help bridge the information gap. See
<A HREF="#9">Section 9, "Resources and Contacts,"</A> for a preliminary 
listing of
these resources. Your local community may also have resources. These
include colleges and universities, businesses, computer clubs and
user groups, technology consultants, and government agencies.
<P>
<A NAME="4.3"></A>
<H4>4.3  How can my school afford access to the Internet?</H4>
<P>
Although school budgets are impossibly tight in most cases, the cost
of an Internet connection can be squeezed from the budget when its
value becomes apparent. Costs for a low-end connection can be
reasonable. (See the <A HREF="#4.4">next question</A>.) The challenge 
facing those
advocating an Internet connection sometimes has less to do with the
actual cost than it has with the difficulty of convincing
administrators to spend money on an unfamiliar resource.
<P>
In order to move the Internet connection closer to the top of your
school's priority list, consider at least two possibilities. First,
your school may be in the process of reform, as are many schools. As
mentioned earlier, use of the Internet supports reform efforts, so
framing Internet access as a component to systemic reform may help to
persuade some people.  Second, to convince people of the value of a
connection, an actual Internet demonstration can be more useful than
words. While this may sound like a chicken-and-egg situation (I need
Internet access to get Internet access), some organizations will
provide guest accounts on an Internet-connected computer for people
in schools who are trying to convince others of the value of an
Internet connection. Another way to begin using Internet services is
to sign up for one of the popular online services such as America
Online, CompuServe, or Prodigy. Once subscribed, you can use these
services either from home or from school. This method is recommended
only as way to introduce yourself and others in your school community
to the value of the Internet. It is not a good long-term solution to
providing Internet access for a lot of users at one site such as a
school.
<P>
Contact local colleges, universities, technology companies, service
providers, community networks, and government agencies for both guest
accounts and funding ideas. For alternatives to your own school's
budget or for supplements to it, look for funding in federal, state,
and district budgets as well as from private grants. Work with
equipment vendors to provide the hardware needed at low or no cost to
your school, and consider forming a School/Community Technology
Committee, or a joint School District/School/Community Technology
Committee. Also investigate the possibility of a back-door connection
to a local college or university.  Service providers often allow
schools to connect to higher education sites at a lower cost.
<P>
A number of sites on the Internet provide more information about
grants and organizations that offer them. Two in particular that you
may find useful are Grants Web, for grant information of all kinds,
and the Foundation Center, for information on private and nonprofit
organizations.  For information on where to find these sites on the
Internet, see <A HREF="#9">Section 9, "Resources and Contacts."</A>
<P>
<A NAME="4.4"></A>
<H4>4.4  What organizational structure needs to be in place in order for my
school to have Internet access?</H4>
<P>
Schools and school districts have devised structures that vary
widely, depending on a school's particular requirements. In many
schools, the librarians/media specialists guide the development of
the network and policies on its use and serve as the top of the
structure within the school. In other schools, an interested teacher
becomes the driving force behind getting the Internet into the school
and may be the most appropriate person to see the project through.
The school administration, if not the guiding force, needs to be
behind the plan to bring the Internet into the school. And all other
parties who might have a stake in the development should be brought
in as early as possible, whether or not they are knowledgeable about
the Internet. These might include area businesses, community leaders,
teachers with Internet access at home, the librarian or media
specialist, parents, and anyone in the school who finds the idea of
bringing the Internet into the school appealing. In short, any
organizational structure will do as long as it is clear and simple
and includes the people who might have a stake in the process of
bringing the Internet into the school.
<P>
One way to ensure that an organizational structure develops and that
the right people become involved is to invite a wide variety of
people to create a technology plan for the school. The by-product of
technology planning can be the development of an organizational
structure, but of course the planning is useful in itself to help
your school define and meet goals for Internet and other technology
use. The National Center for Technology Planning hosts a collection
of technology plans and planning aids for people who need help, new
ideas, or solutions as they tackle technology planning in their
schools or districts. Information on the National Center for
Technology Planning can be found in <A HREF="#9">Section 9, "Resources and
Contacts."</A>
<P>
No matter what the structure, there should be someone at the school
who can take the lead in working with vendors and Internet Service
Providers (ISPs). This person should be knowledgeable about - or
willing to learn about - the technical aspects of connecting to the
Internet, including knowledge about any networks the school already
has in place. The lead person should have an alternate so that the
school is not completely dependent on one person. If your school
hires an independent consultant, someone at the school should be
aware of everything the consultant does and should receive at least
some training in the areas of the consultant's work.
<P>
Another role that must be filled is that of in-house network
administrator. Having an already busy teacher take on this role as an
extra duty is a bad idea; a greater time commitment is needed.
<P>
<A NAME="4.5"></A>
<H4>4.5  What questions do I need to ask people who are selling network
services?</H4>
<P>
There are a number of questions you should ask. Anything you hear
that you don't understand must be questioned. If a vendor knows the
product and the process well, he or she should be able to explain in
terms you can understand.
<P>
You should also ask any kind of vendor how available they are and at
what point they either stop helping you or begin charging by the
hour. Get references from other customers, preferably including at
least one school which has requirements similar to yours.
<P>
<B>   Questions for LAN vendors:</B>
<P>
If the school has not yet purchased a Local Area Network (LAN),
ask the LAN vendor how the product will interact with TCP/IP.
(TCP/IP stands for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
Protocol, the technology which forms the basis of the Internet.)
If necessary, arrange a meeting with the LAN vendor, the ISP, and
any consultants that may be involved.
<P>
Make a list of the school's requirements, including security, the
number of computers on the LAN which will have Internet access,
and the Internet services you want students and teachers to be
able to use. (See <A HREF="#5">Section 5, "Questions About Using Internet
Services,"</A> for an introduction to the services.) Ask the vendors
if they can provide services that will meet your requirements.
<P>
<B>   Questions for Internet Service Providers:</B>
<P>
In general, ask the ISP what services are included with your
purchase of Internet connectivity.
<P>
Will they terminate the circuit in a router and leave you to your
own resources to take care of the "LAN side" of the connection?
<P>
Will they provide a primary domain name server for you?
<P>
Will they register your domain name with the InterNIC?
<P>
Are they providing you with all the IP addresses you need?
<P>
Will they help you with security issues?
<P>
Do they provide a newsfeed or a newsreading service? (Do you know
the difference?)
<P>
If they agree to do some work on the LAN side, what is the extent
of that work? (Configure individual computers? Handle subnetting
and routing issues?)
<P>
Will they answer questions from your network administrator?
<P>
Will a dedicated computer be needed as an Internet server for such
things as domain name service, the World Wide Web, Gopher, and
FTP?
<P>
Do they provide any training sessions for your staff and are these
sessions included in the connectivity price?
<P>
Do they offer any other classes or seminars and are these included
in the connectivity price?
<P>
Does the ISP do their own training or do they contract to someone
else, and if the latter, who is it? Check references on any
contractors.
<P>
<B>      Questions for Internet Service Providers furnishing dial-in
service:</B>
<P>
There are some specific questions you should ask of an ISP who is
providing dial-in connections. (See <A HREF="#4.7">Question 4.7</A> for a 
further
discussion on dialing in from home.)
<P>
What is the charge per minute for connectivity?
<P>
Is SLIP or PPP connectivity available?
<P>
Will the ISP be providing software which allows you to use
Internet services such as email and the World Wide Web or will
they help you obtain it?
<P>
Will they help you install it?
<P>
Ask for references of other clients using dial-in service and when
you check them, one of the questions to ask other customers is if
they encounter lots of busy signals. (You can also check this
yourself by trying the access provider's dial-in number at various
times during the day. Just dial it by phone and see how many busy
signals you get.)
<P>
<A NAME="4.6"></A>
<H4>4.6  How many of our computers should have Internet access and where