rfc2150.txt

著名的RFC文档,其中有一些文档是已经翻译成中文的的.

Network Working Group                                             J. Max
Request for Comments: 2150                                    W. Stickle
FYI: 31                                                         Rainfarm
Category: Informational                                     October 1997


       Humanities and Arts: Sharing Center Stage on the Internet


Status of this Memo

   This memo provides information for the Internet community.  It does
   not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of this
   memo is unlimited.

Abstract

   This document is designed primarily for individuals who have limited
   knowledge of, or experience with, the Internet.

   The purpose of this document is to provide members of the Arts and
   Humanities communities with an introduction to the Internet as a
   valuable tool, resource, and medium for the creation, presentation,
   and preservation of Arts and Humanities-based content.

   The intended audience is practicing artists, scholars, related
   professionals, and others whose knowledge, expertise and support is
   important to ensuring that the Arts and Humanities are well-placed in
   the global information infrastructure.

Table of Contents

   1.    Introduction...............................................   3
   1.1    Definition of Arts and Humanities.........................   3
   2.    What does the Internet mean to the "Artist?"...............   4
   2.1    Access to the Global Community............................   5
   2.2    Sharing Your Work and Collaborating with Others...........   6
   2.3    Freely Available Software, and Other Information..........   8

   3.    What is the Internet?......................................   8
   3.1    What is the World Wide Web?...............................   9

   4.    How does the Internet Work?................................  10
   4.1    Internet Addresses........................................  11
   4.1.1   Computer Addresses and Hostnames.........................  12
   4.1.2   Addresses of People on the Internet......................  12
   4.1.3   Information Addresses, Locators, URLs....................  13
   4.2    How Does the World Wide Web Work?.........................  14



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   4.3    Other, Higher Level Protocols on the Internet.............  15

   5.    Forums.....................................................  16
   5.1    Message Based Communications..............................  16
   5.1.1   Electronic Mail - email..................................  17
   5.1.2   Newsgroups...............................................  17
   5.1.3   Electronic Bulletin Board System - BBS ..................  18
   5.2    Real-Time Communications..................................  19
   5.2.1   Chat - IRC...............................................  19
   5.2.2   Multicasting.............................................  20
   5.2.3   MUD - Multi-User Dungeon.................................  20
   5.2.4   Audio/Video Conferencing.................................  21
   5.3    Archives..................................................  22
   5.3.1   Searching................................................  22

   6.    Accessing the Internet.....................................  25
   6.1    Internet Service Providers................................  26
   6.2    Computer Hardware and Software Tools......................  26
   6.3    Multimedia................................................  31

   7.    Creating Content...........................................  32
   7.1    Getting Help..............................................  33
   7.2    About File Formats........................................  34
   7.3    Creating Text and Hypertext Documents.....................  35
   7.4    Creating Graphic and Moving Images........................  35
   7.4.1   Bitmap Image Formats.....................................  36
   7.4.2   Vector Image Formats.....................................  37
   7.4.3   Video Formats............................................  37
   7.5    Creating Music and Sound Files............................  38
   7.6    Content Design Issues.....................................  40
   7.7    Publicizing Your Work.....................................  41

   8.    Issues and Challenges......................................  42
   8.1    Security Issues...........................................  43
   8.2    Viruses...................................................  44
   8.3    The Standard Disclaimer...................................  44
   8.4    Copyrights and Intellectual Property Issues...............  45
   8.4.1   Copyright................................................  45
   8.4.2   Trademark................................................  46
   8.4.3   Privacy..................................................  47
   8.4.4   Seek Professional Advice.................................  47
   8.5    Conducting Business over the Internet.....................  47
   8.6    Netiquette................................................  48

   9.    Glossary...................................................  49

   10.   Resources, References, etc.................................  51
   10.1   RFCs and Internet-Drafts..................................  51



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   10.2   Internet Documents........................................  52
   10.3   Other Sources.............................................  53
   10.4   Freely Available Web Browser Software.....................  54
   10.5   The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority...................  54

   11.   Security Considerations....................................  55
   11.1   Formulate a security policy...............................  55
   11.1.1  Talk to your Internet Service Provider...................  56
   11.1.2  Make sure your systems are up to date....................  56
   11.1.3  Use the tools available..................................  56
   12.   Acknowledgments............................................  57
   13.   Authors' Addresses.........................................  57

   Appendix A.  Internet Projects of Interest to the
                Arts and Humanities Communities.....................  58
   Appendix B.  Starting Points; A brief list of related sites......  60
   Appendix C.  Examples for using the RFC server [e-mail]..  62

1. Introduction

   This document has been structured to provide information about, and
   examples of, the wide range of functions and capabilities available
   on the Internet today.  It is intended to illustrate the potential of
   current networking technologies for personal and cultural growth.

   Some basic functions of the Internet are described, along with their
   applications and forums for building online communities of interest,
   such as the World Wide Web, Email, and Network News.

   This is followed by discussion and examples of hardware and software
   being used to support the creation and presentation of artistic and
   literary works, along with examples of how Arts and Humanities
   content is being represented, stored, and retrieved on the Internet.

   In addition to illustrating the great potential of the Internet, this
   document provides a brief introduction to the issues and challenges
   that affect the development and presentation of Arts and Humanities
   content online, such as privacy and property rights.

   Included is a brief Glossary, and a number of Appedices which provide
   pointers to other sources of information about the Internet.

1.1 Definitions of Arts and Humanities

   For purposes of this document the term "Arts" includes, but is not
   limited to, dance, design arts, folk arts, literary arts, media and
   film arts, music, theater, and visual arts.




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   The term "Humanities" includes, but is not limited to, the study of
   the following: language, both modern and classical; linguistics;
   literature; history; jurisprudence philosophy; archaeology;
   comparative religion; ethics; the history, criticism and theory of
   the arts; those aspects of social sciences which have humanistic
   content and employ humanistic methods; and the study and application
   of the humanities to the human environment.

   For purposes of simplicity this document will use the word "Artist"
   to mean both Artist and Humanist: "all practitioners who work in the
   fields of the visual, performance, and literary arts, as well as
   museum curators, librarians, and others who are involved in the
   research, restoration, and presentation of that which comprises our
   cultural heritage."

2. What does the Internet mean to the Artist?

   The Internet is exerting a profound influence on our society.  Even
   now in its infancy, the effects of the Internet can be easily seen in
   popular media as well as in the way we do business.  But the most
   dramatic influences are in the children who are now growing up with
   the net.  Many parents are aware of the influence television has over
   their children.  With the advent of WEB-TV, the Internet has begun to
   assimilate Television, transforming it into something more powerful.
   This coming integration of information, communication and
   entertainment will play a major role in teaching and shaping the
   minds of those who live and grow up with it.

   Because of this power, it is critical that the best parts of human
   culture are represented on the Internet. If we raise the Internet
   right, it will return the favor by nurturing a generation that may
   well grow up wiser than ourselves.

   This is where artists are needed.  Because the net is primarily built
   and run by Scientists and Engineers who are creatures of mind, it is
   the heart and soul of the Internet that is weak.  Artists are the
   heart and soul of human culture, and must bring the fruits of their
   efforts to the net to give the net culture, and future generations
   their essence of humanity.

   If that does not convince you, we will also introduce you to some of
   the many tools artists may use to exploit the net for their own
   personal gain.  As the online culture becomes a more balanced
   representation of humanity, the net will become an essential tool for
   collaboration, communication, and distribution of art and humanities
   content.  The day is coming where those who are not on the net will
   be greatly handicapped in the expression and distribution of their
   works.



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   The net is the new frontier for the growth of humanity.  Can you
   afford not to be involved?

2.1 Access to the Global Community

   In the past, artist's audiences and collaborators were limited to the
   people around them.  Improvements in transportation and communication
   have allowed these associations to expand, but even today few members
   of the artistic community have gone global.  The Internet changes all
   this by allowing anyone access to a global community.

   A great many arts institutions and organizations have now established
   sites on the World Wide Web and a significant number of online
   discussion groups focus on the arts and humanities.  Consortiums of
   museums and libraries are now using networking technologies to
   support research and projects involving more effective ways to
   collect, store, and disseminate objects of antiquity and other non-
   textual primary sources, as well as textual sources.

   Sites are also created by individuals and for institutions,
   organizations, and businesses for reasons ranging from commerce to
   simple self-expression.  The Internet connects hundreds of countries,
   thousands of cities, and countless groups and individuals around the
   globe.

   On the Internet today you can find information on topics ranging from
   art and music to guns and ammunition; among which are astronomy,
   news, astrology, agriculture, acupuncture, botany, biology, zoology,
   food, psychology, medicine, space exploration, genetics, media,
   chemistry, microbreweries, aeronautics, scuba diving, meteorology,
   neurology, artificial intelligence, mathematics, literature, wine
   tasting, law, painting, photography, dance, history, social sciences,
   politics, crafts, clothing, economics, genealogy, pets, sports,
   languages, dictionaries, encyclopedias, technical manuals, schools,
   shops, entertainment, furniture, flowers, software, hardware,
   computers and the Internet, just to name a few.  Whatever your work
   requires, whatever your whim desires, you can find it on the net.

   People all around the world will be looking for what they want on the
   net, and if you have what they want, then through the magic of the
   Internet, you are their next door neighbor.

   With access to the Internet, the world is at your fingertips.  Bring
   your questions on health, the environment, government, and religion,
   and look though volumes of documentation on your concerns, or discuss
   your questions with others electronically.  Once you get used to it,
   you will even be downloading more information and tools to assist you
   further.



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