rfc2901.txt

著名的RFC文档,其中有一些文档是已经翻译成中文的的.

   Internet Protocol (IP) addresses (under the current version 4) are
   32-bit numbers usually expressed as 4 octets in dotted decimal
   notation (for example, 128.223.162.27, which is the IP address for
   the Network Startup Resource Center (NSRC) web server at the time of
   this writing).  Public IP addresses make up the Internet address
   space.  Addresses are allocated in a hierarchical manner and are
   designed to be unique.

   The Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) allocates large
   address blocks to the three current Regional Internet Registries
   (IRs): ARIN, APNIC, and RIPE NCC which, in turn, allocate smaller
   blocks to Local Internet Registries or large ISPs.  Local Internet
   Registries, which are typically ISPs or collections of ISPs
   represented at a country level, and large ISPs process the vast
   majority of address space assignments to ISPs and end users

   Contact the Internet service provider from whom you are getting your
   connectivity services (your upstream provider) with an address
   allocation request.  It is important and required that you contact
   your upstream provider first, and not the Regional IR automatically.
   The first question the Regional Registry will ask you is why you
   cannot get address space from your upstream provider.

A.  Who is my upstream provider?

   If there is an ISP already functioning in your country, contact them
   directly.  If you are to be the first connection in your country, you
   may need to contact your Regional IR in your geographic region, but
   you should always contact your upstream provider first for assistance
   and guidance.  Since address allocation is hierarchical, the
   administrative organizations and procedures also represent this
   hierarchical structure.  It is important not to skip a step in the
   hierarchy.  Current Regional Registries include ARIN (the Americas,
   Caribbean, and Africa), RIPE (Europe, Africa, and the Middle East),
   and APNIC (the Pacific Rim and Asia).  Contact information for these
   organizations is listed in Appendix A.

   You should contact your Regional Internet Registry if 1) the ISP you
   are connecting to is unable or unwilling to provide address space, or
   2) your particular connectivity requirements will result in non-local
   data to your customers possibly taking a different route over the
   Internet than data destined for your upstream provider's customers,



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   or 3) you anticipate a quick growth rate that may require changing
   your current upstream provider to a larger one and you wish to avoid
   the renumbering that such a move would require.

B.  How much address space should I ask for?

   Regional IRs typically assign address blocks on the basis of an
   immediate need and projected utilization rate within one year.  (If
   you are in the ARIN region, it is one year for end user organizations
   and three months for ISPs.)  Calculate your address space request
   accordingly.  It is recommended to include the organization chart and
   network topology diagram referred to in section I.C, number 3
   (above).  Note that address space is allocated based on CIDR bit
   boundaries (see next section).  The registries will need to
   understand your network engineering and deployment plans in
   significant detail before they can allocate address space.
   Therefore, the more detailed information you can provide, the more
   likely your request will be processed quickly.

   If you obtain address space from your ISP, it is very likely that you
   will need to renumber should you decide to change upstream providers
   and/or if you grow considerably.  As this renumbering may affect your
   customers (and their customers, etc.) if they are using dedicated
   lines, you should carefully weigh the cost/benefit involved in
   obtaining address space from your upstream provider.

   If you are singly homed, you should obtain your address space from
   your upstream ISP.  If you plan on enlarging but remaining singly
   homed, you should continue to obtain space this way as it promotes
   aggregation.  If, however, you plan to be multi-homed as part of your
   growth plan, it would make sense to become a member of an appropriate
   Regional IR (or, if one exists in your region, a national Network
   Information Center (NIC) and obtain a /19 or "provider aggregatable"
   address space.

   The minimum routable block is often a /19, so if you plan on
   enlarging, it is better to pay the fees to the Regional IR now and
   obtain a /19 block so that you will not have to renumber later.  Note
   that if you are an ISP in the ARIN region, ARIN  has special
   requirements before you can do this in terms of the amount of address
   space you have previously used, which must be a /21.  The current
   policy is that you must have used a /19 previously from your upstream
   ISP before going to ARIN, or you must be multi-homed and show you
   have used a /21 and be willing to renumber and ARIN will issue a /20
   from a reserved /19.






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   As of February 8, 1999, ARIN lowered the minimum allocation size for
   IP addresses from a /19 to a /20.  ARIN will issue initial
   allocations of prefixes no longer than /20.  If allocations smaller
   than /20 are needed, ISPs and end users should request address space
   from their upstream provider.  ARIN does not guarantee that addresses
   will be globally routable.

   APNIC and RIPE NCC do not have these requirements.  For APNIC, new
   allocations to members will be a /19.

   Remember that your upstream provider should route you if you ask
   them.  You are a customer of the ISP, so if the service is not what
   you need you should change ISPs.

   IF YOU ARE CONNECTED TO ONLY ONE PROVIDER, AND ARE NOT VERY LARGE
   YET, GET AN ADDRESS RANGE FROM YOUR PROVIDER.  SKIP THE REST OF THIS
   SECTION AND ALL OF SECTION V.

C.  What is CIDR?

   CIDR stands for Classless Inter-Domain Routing.  Historically, IP
   addresses were assigned within classes: Class A (8 bits of network
   address, 24 bits of host address), Class B (16 bits of network
   address, 16 bits of host address), or Class C (24 bits of network
   address, 8 bits of host address).  With the advent of CIDR, address
   space is now allocated and assigned on bit boundaries.  Using CIDR
   means you are able to assign addresses corresponding with the number
   of hosts on the network, thereby conserving address space.

   The following table illustrates this:

   Addrs Bits  Pref  Class         Mask

   1       0       /32                     255.255.255.255
   2       1       /31                     255.255.255.254
   4       2       /30                     255.255.255.252
   8       3       /29                     255.255.255.248
   16      4       /28                     255.255.255.240
   32      5       /27                     255.255.255.224
   64      6       /26                     255.255.255.192
   128     7       /25                     255.255.255.128
   256     8       /24     1C              255.255.255.0
   512     9       /23     2C              255.255.254.0
   1K      10      /22     4C              255.255.252.0
   2K      11      /21     8C              255.255.248.0
   4K      12      /20     16C             255.255.240.0
   8K      13      /19     32C             255.255.224.0




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   Addrs
         Number of addresses available; note that the number of
         addressable hosts normally is 2 less than this number because
         the host parts with all equal bits (all 0s, all 1s) are
         reserved.

   Bits
         Size of the allocation/assignment in bits of address space.

   Pref
         Length of the prefix covering this address space. This is
         sometimes used to indicate the size of an
         allocation/assignment.

   Class
         Size of the address space in terms of class C network numbers.

   Mask
         The network mask defining the routing prefix in dotted quad
         notation.

   (From http://www.ibm.net.il/~hank/cidr.html)

D.  How do I request and register address space?

   You will need to send a database object to the appropriate registry
   to request and register address space.  The registration databases
   are composed of records that are a series of fields separated by one
   or more blank lines; each field consists of two parts, the tag and
   the value.  Do not modify the tags in the templates or errors will
   occur.  Values for particular fields are specified in the templates;
   be careful to enter appropriate information.

   The first line of a template denotes the record type.  For example,
   an IP address template's first line is inetnum, therefore the record
   is known as an inetnum object.  This first line is also used as the
   primary key for the record, therefore if you want to modify the first
   field of the record, the only way to do so is to delete the record
   entirely and add a new record with the corrected information.

   For illustration, here is the RIPE inetnum object.

      inetnum: [IP address range that will be assigned]
      netname: Network-Name
      descr: Network-Name Communications Company, Town
      admin-c: NIC-handle of administrative contact
      tech-c: NIC-handle of technical contact
      country: ISO 3166-country-code



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      rev-srv: ns.someserver.net
      rev-srv: ns.otherserver.net
      status: assigned pa (provider aggregatable)
        or assigned pi (provider independent)
      changed: [e-mail] 960731
      source: RIPE

   For Countries in the APNIC Region

   In order to obtain services from APNIC, you will need to become a
   member.  APNIC-070 is the APNIC Membership Application.  It is
   located at:

      ftp://ftp.apnic.net/apnic/docs/membership-application

   Send the completed  form via email to APNIC at:

      [e-mail]

   APNIC Address Allocation Requests:

   Once you have become a member, you can request IP address space using
   one of the three IP address request forms.  If you are an
   organization that will use address space internally only (e.g., large
   enterprises such as universities, government ministries, large
   corporations, etc.), choose #1 (End User Address Request).  If  you
   are an organization that plans to sub-delegate address space to
   customers (e.g., you are an ISP), choose #2 (ISP Address Request).
   If you are a confederation of ISPs (e.g., national NICs, etc.),
   choose #3 (Confederation Address Request).

   1.  APNIC-074 is the APNIC End User Internet Address Request Form.

   2.  APNIC-065 is the APNIC Internet Services Provider Internet
   Address Request Form.

   3.  Confederations are a means by which service providers can group
   together to provide resource allocation and registration services
   tailored to their specific local language and cultural requirements.
   For details on how to become an APNIC recognized confederation,
   please see APNIC Confederation Concepts and Requirements located at:

      ftp://ftp.apnic.net/apnic/docs/confed-requirements

   APNIC-074 is the APNIC Confederation Internet Address Request Form.






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   Copies of all forms can be found in the following directory:

      ftp://ftp.apnic.net/apnic/docs
   or
      http://www.apnic.net/reg.html

   All completed forms should be sent to:

      [e-mail]

   If there are strong reasons why you cannot obtain address space from
   your upstream ISP, and you require address space as a one-time
   allocation only, you can obtain address space as a "non member".  For
   more details, see APNIC-071:

      http://ftp.apnic.net/apnic/docs/non-member-application

   and send the completed form to:

      [e-mail]

   For Countries in the ARIN Region

   Membership in ARIN is optional and not a requirement for requesting
   IP address space from the registry or from your Internet service
   provider.  If you are a large end user organization, choose #1.  If
   you are an ISP, choose #2.

   1.  The form for network number assignments is located at:

      ftp://rs.arin.net/templates/networktemplate.txt
   or
      http://www.arin.net/templates/networktemplate.txt

   2.  The form for ISPs to obtain a CIDR block of IP network numbers is
   located at:

      ftp://rs.arin.net/templates/isptemplate.txt
   or
      http://www.arin.net/templates/isptemplate.txt

   Send either completed form via email to ARIN at:

      [e-mail]

   with "IP request" (if you chose #1) or "ISP CIDR request" (if you
   chose #2) in the subject field, as appropriate.




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RFC 2901      Administrative Internet Infrastructure Guide   August 2000


   For Countries in the RIPE Region

   RIPE NCC provides IP address space allocation only to contributing
   local Internet registries.  For a description of the European
   Internet Registry policies and procedures, see RIPE-159, "European
   Internet Registry Policies and Procedures".  It is located at:

      ftp://ftp.ripe.net/ripe/docs/ripe-159.txt

   RIPE-160 is Guidelines for Setting up a Local Internet Registry.  It
   is located at:

      ftp://ftp.ripe.net/docs/ripe-160.txt

   If you have questions regarding setting up a new local IR, please
   contact the RIPE NCC at:

      [e-mail]