rfc2151.txt

著名的RFC文档,其中有一些文档是已经翻译成中文的的.

   addition to a host's address, and knowledge of port numbers provides
   another mechanism for users to access information with TELNET.





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RFC 2151          Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities          June 1997


   This guide discusses several TCP/IP and Internet utilities that require
   local client software, such as Finger, Whois, Archie, and Gopher. But
   what if your software does not include a needed client?  In some cases,
   TELNET may be used to access a remote client and provide the same
   functionality.

   This is done by specifying a port number with the TELNET command. Just
   as TCP/IP hosts have a unique IP address, applications on the host are
   associated with an address, called a port. Finger (see Section 3.3
   above), for example, is associated with the well-known port number 79.
   In the absence of a Finger client, TELNETing to port 79 at a remote host
   may provide the same information. You can finger another host with
   TELNET by using a command like:

                            telnet host_name 79

   Other well-known TCP port numbers include 25 (Simple Mail Transfer
   Protocol), 43 (whois), 80 (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), and 119
   (Network News Transfer Protocol).

   Some services are available on the Internet using TELNET and special
   port numbers. A geographical information database, for example, may
   be accessed by TELNETing to port 3000 at host martini.eecs.umich.edu
   and current weather information is available at port 3000 at host
   downwind.sprl.umich.edu.

  ====================================================================
**C:> telnet smcvax.smcvt.edu
  FTP Software PC/TCP tn 3.10 01/24/95 02:40
  Copyright (c) 1986-1995 by FTP Software, Inc. All rights reserved

  - Connected to St. Michael's College -

**Username: kumquat
**Password:

  St. Michael's College VAX/VMS System.
  Node SMCVAX.

      Last interactive login on Monday, 16-SEP-1996 15:47
      Last non-interactive login on Wednesday,  6-MAR-1996 08:19

              You have 1 new Mail message.

  Good Afternoon User KUMQUAT.  Logged in on 17-SEP-1996 at 1:10 PM.

  User [GUEST,KUMQUAT] has 3225 blocks used, 6775 available,
  of 10000 authorized and permitted overdraft of 100 blocks on $1$DIA2



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RFC 2151          Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities          June 1997


  To see a complete list of news items, type: NEWS DIR
  To read a particular item, type NEWS followed by
  the name of the item you wish to read.

**SMCVAX$ dir *.com
  Directory $1$DIA2:[GUEST.KUMQUAT]
  BACKUP.COM;24         24  16-JUL-1990 16:22:46.68  (RWED,RWED,RE,)
  DELTREE.COM;17         3  16-JUL-1990 16:22:47.58  (RWED,RWED,RE,)
  EXPANDZ.COM;7          2  22-FEB-1993 10:00:04.35  (RWED,RWED,RE,)
  FTSLOGBLD.COM;3        1  16-JUL-1990 16:22:48.57  (RWED,RWED,RE,)
  FTSRRR.COM;2           1  16-JUL-1990 16:22:48.73  (RWED,RWED,RE,)
  LOGIN.COM;116          5   1-DEC-1993 09:33:21.61  (RWED,RWED,RE,)
  SNOOPY.COM;6           1  16-JUL-1990 16:22:52.06  (RWED,RWED,RE,)
  SYLOGIN.COM;83         8  16-JUL-1990 16:22:52.88  (RWED,RWED,RE,RE)
  SYSTARTUP.COM;88      15  16-JUL-1990 16:22:53.21  (RWED,RWED,RE,)
  WATCH_MAIL.COM;1     173  10-MAY-1994 09:59:52.65  (RWED,RWED,RE,)
  Total of 10 files, 233 blocks.

**SMCVAX$ mail
  You have 1 new message.
**MAIL> dir
  NEWMAIL
    # From                 Date        Subject
    1 IN%"ibug@plainfield. 15-SEP-1996 ANNOUNCE: Burlington WWW Conference
**MAIL> exit

**SMCVAX$ ping kestrel.hill.com /n=5
  PING HILL.COM (199.182.20.24): 56 data bytes
  64 bytes from 199.182.20.24: icmp_seq=0 time=290 ms
  64 bytes from 199.182.20.24: icmp_seq=1 time=260 ms
  64 bytes from 199.182.20.24: icmp_seq=2 time=260 ms
  64 bytes from 199.182.20.24: icmp_seq=3 time=260 ms
  64 bytes from 199.182.20.24: icmp_seq=4 time=260 ms

  ----KESTREL.HILL.COM PING Statistics----
  5 packets transmitted, 5 packets received, 0% packet loss
  round-trip (ms)  min/avg/max = 260/266/290

**SMCVAX$ logout
    KUMQUAT      logged out at 17-SEP-1996 13:17:04.29

  Connection #0 closed
  C:>
  ====================================================================







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RFC 2151          Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities          June 1997


4.2. FTP

   FTP [26] is one of the most useful and powerful TCP/IP utilities for
   the general user. FTP allows users to upload and download files
   between local and remote hosts. Anonymous FTP, in particular, is
   commonly available at file archive sites to allow users to access
   files without having to pre-establish an account at the remote host.
   TELNET might, in fact, be used for this purpose but TELNET gives the
   user complete access to the remote system; FTP limits the user to
   file transfer activities.

   The general form of the FTP command is:

         ftp [IP_address|host_name]

   An FTP session can be initiated in several ways. In the example shown
   below, an FTP control connection is initiated to a host (the Defense
   Data Network's Network Information Center) by supplying a host name
   with the FTP command; optionally, the host's IP address in dotted
   decimal (numeric) form could be used. If neither host name nor IP
   address are supplied in the command line, a connection to a host can
   be initiated by typing open host_name or open IP_address once the FTP
   application has been started.

   The remote host will ask for a username and password. If a bona fide
   registered user of this host supplies a valid username and password,
   then the user will have access to any files and directories to which
   this username has privilege. For anonymous FTP access, the username
   anonymous is used. Historically, the password for the anonymous user
   (not shown in actual use) has been guest, although most systems today
   ask for the user's Internet e-mail address (and several sites attempt
   to verify that packets are coming from that address before allowing
   the user to login).

   The "help ?" command may be used to obtain a list of FTP commands and
   help topics available with your software; although not always shown,
   nearly all TCP/IP applications have a help command. An example of the
   help for FTP's type command is shown in the sample dialogue. This
   command is very important one, by the way; if transferring a binary
   or executable file, be sure to set the type to image (or binary on
   some systems).

   The dir command provides a directory listing of the files in the
   current directory at the remote host; the UNIX ls command may also
   usually be used. Note that an FTP data transfer connection is
   established for the transfer of the directory information to the
   local host. The output from the dir command will show a file listing
   that is consistent with the native operating system of the remote



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RFC 2151          Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities          June 1997


   host. Although the TCP/IP suite is often associated with UNIX, it can
   (and does) run with nearly all common operating systems. The
   directory information shown in the sample dialogue happens to be in
   UNIX format and includes the following information:

      o File attributes. The first character identifies the type of file
      entry as a directory (d), link or symbolic name (l), or individual
      file (-). The next nine characters are the file access permissions
      list; the first three characters are for the owner, the next three
      for the owner's group, and the last three for all other users.
      Three access privileges may be assigned to each file for each of
      these roups: read (r), write (w), and execute (x).
      o Number of entries, or hard links, in this structure. This value
      will be a "1" if the entry refers to a file or link, or will be
      the number of files in the listed directory.
      o File owner
      o File owner's group.
      o File size, in bytes.
      o Date and time of last modification. If the date is followed by a
      timestamp, then the date is from the current year.
      o File name.

   After the directory information has been transferred, FTP closes the
   data transfer connection.

   The command cd is used to change to another working directory, in
   this case the rfc directory (note that file and directory names may
   be case-sensitive). As in DOS, "cd .." will change to the parent of
   the current directory. The CWD command successful is the only
   indication that the user's cd command was correctly executed; the
   show-directory (may be truncated to fewer characters, as shown)
   command, if available, may be used to see which working directory you
   are in.

   Another dir command is used to find all files with the name
   rfc173*.txt; note the use of the * wildcard character. We can now
   copy (download) the file of choice (RFC 1739 is the previous version
   of this primer) by using the get (or receive) command, which has the
   following general format:

      get remote_file_name local_file_name

   FTP opens another data transfer connection for this file transfer
   purpose; note that the effective data transfer rate is 93.664 kbps.

   FTP's put (or send) command allows uploading from the local host to
   the remote. Put is often not available when using anonymous FTP.




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RFC 2151          Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities          June 1997


   Finally, we terminate the FTP connection by using the close command.
   The user can initiate another FTP connection using the open command
   or can leave FTP by issuing a quit command. Quit can also be used to
   close a connection and terminate a session.

   TECHNICAL NOTE: It is important to note that different FTP packages
   have different commands available and even those with similar names
   may act differently. In the example shown here (using MultiNet for
   VMS), the show command will display the current working directory; in
   FTP Software's OnNet, show will display a file from the remote host
   at the local host. Some packages have nothing equivalent to either of
   these commands.

  ====================================================================
**SMCVAX$ ftp nic.ddn.mil
  SMCVAX.SMCVT.EDU MultiNet FTP user process 3.4(111)
  Connection opened (Assuming 8-bit connections)
  <*****Welcome to the DOD Network Information Center*****
  <    *****Login with username "anonymous" and password "guest"
**Username: anonymous
  <Guest login ok, send "guest" as password.
**Password: guest                             <--- Not displayed
  <Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.

**NIC.DDN.MIL> help type
  TYPE
       Set the transfer type to type.

       Format
         TYPE   type

    Additional information available:
    Parameters Example    Restrictions

**TYPE Subtopic? parameters
  TYPE

    Parameters
      type

         Specify a value of ASCII, BACKUP, BINARY, IMAGE or LOGICAL-
         BYTE.

         Use TYPE ASCII (the default) for transferring text files.

         Use TYPE BACKUP to set the transfer type to IMAGE and write the
         local file with 2048-byte fixed length records. Use this
         command to transfer VAX/VMS BACKUP save sets.



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RFC 2151          Internet & TCP/IP Tools & Utilities          June 1997


         Use TYPE BINARY to transfer binary files (same as TYPE IMAGE).

         Use TYPE IMAGE to transfer binary files (for example, .EXE).

         Use TYPE LOGICAL-BYTE to transfer binary files to or from a
         TOPS-20 machine.

**TYPE Subtopic?
**Topic?

**NIC.DDN.MIL> dir
  <Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls.
  total 58
  drwxr-xr-x  2 nic      1             512 Sep 16 23:00 bcp
  drwxr-xr-x  2 root     1             512 Mar 19  1996 bin
  drwxr-xr-x  2 nic      1            1536 Jul 15 23:00 ddn-news
  drwxr-xr-x  2 nic      1             512 Mar 19  1996 demo
  drwxr-xr-x  2 nic      1             512 Mar 25 14:25 dev
  drwxr-xr-x  2 nic      10            512 Mar 19  1996 disn_info
  drwxr-xr-x  2 nic      1             512 Sep 17 07:01 domain
  drwxr-xr-x  2 nic      1             512 Mar 19  1996 etc
  lrwxrwxrwx  1 nic      1               3 Mar 19  1996 fyi -> rfc
  drwxr-xr-x  2 nic      10           1024 Sep 16 23:00 gosip
  drwxr-xr-x  2 nic      1             512 Mar 19  1996 home
  drwxr-xr-x  2 nic      1             512 Mar 19  1996 lost+found
  lrwxrwxrwx  1 nic      1               8 Mar 19  1996 mgt -> ddn-news
  drwxr-xr-x  2 nic      1            1024 Sep 13 12:11 netinfo
  drwxr-xr-x  4 nic      1             512 May  3 23:00 netprog
  drwxr-xr-x  2 nic      1            1024 Mar 19  1996 protocols
  drwxr-xr-x  2 nic      1             512 Mar 19  1996 pub
  drwxr-xr-x  3 140      10            512 Aug 27 21:03 registrar
  drwxr-xr-x  2 nic      1           29696 Sep 16 23:00 rfc
  drwxr-xr-x  2 nic      1            5632 Sep  9 23:00 scc
  drwxr-xr-x  2 nic      1            1536 Sep 16 23:00 std
  drwxr-xr-x  2 nic      1            1024 Sep 16 23:00 templates
  drwxr-xr-x  3 nic      1             512 Mar 19  1996 usr
  <Transfer complete.

  1437 bytes transferred at 33811 bps.
  Run time = 20. ms, Elapsed time = 340. ms.