rfc1208.txt

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Jacobsen & Lynch                                                [Page 6]

RFC 1208                INTEROP Pocket Glossary               March 1991


   would contain a header from the physical layer, followed by a header
   from the network layer (IP), followed by a header from the transport
   layer (TCP), followed by the application protocol data.

   end system: An OSI system which contains application processes
   capable of communicating through all seven layers of OSI protocols.
   Equivalent to Internet host.

   entity: OSI terminology for a layer protocol machine.  An entity
   within a layer performs the functions of the layer within a single
   computer system, accessing the layer entity below and providing
   services to the layer entity above at local service access points.

   ES-IS: End system to Intermediate system protocol.  The OSI protocol
   by which end systems announce themselves to intermediate systems.

   EUnet: European UNIX Network.

   EUUG: European UNIX Users Group.

   EWOS: European Workshop for Open Systems.  The OSI Implementors
   Workshop for Europe.  See OIW.

   FARNET: Federation of American Research NETworks.

   FDDI: Fiber Distributed Data Interface.  An emerging high-speed
   networking standard.  The underlying medium is fiber optics, and the
   topology is a dual-attached, counter-rotating Token Ring.  FDDI
   networks can often be spotted by the orange fiber "cable."

   FIPS: Federal Information Processing Standard.

   flame: To express strong opinion and/or criticism of something,
   usually as a frank inflammatory statement in an electronic message.

   FNC: Federal Networking Council.  The body responsible for
   coordinating networking needs among U.S. Federal agencies.

   fragmentation: The process in which an IP datagram is broken into
   smaller pieces to fit the requirements of a given physical network.
   The reverse process is termed reassembly.  See MTU.

   FRICC: Federal Research Internet Coordinating Committee.  Now
   replaced by the FNC.

   FTAM: File Transfer, Access, and Management.  The OSI remote file
   service and protocol.




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   FTP: File Transfer Protocol.  The Internet protocol (and program)
   used to transfer files between hosts.  See FTAM.

   gateway: The original Internet term for what is now called router or
   more precisely, IP router.  In modern usage, the terms "gateway" and
   "application gateway" refer to systems which do translation from some
   native format to another.  Examples include X.400 to/from RFC 822
   electronic mail gateways.  See router.

   GOSIP: Government OSI Profile.  A U.S. Government procurement
   specification for OSI protocols.

   IAB: Internet Activities Board.  The technical body that oversees the
   development of the Internet suite of protocols (commonly referred to
   as "TCP/IP").  It has two task forces (the IRTF and the IETF) each
   charged with investigating a particular area.

   ICMP: Internet Control Message Protocol.  The protocol used to handle
   errors and control messages at the IP layer.  ICMP is actually part
   of the IP protocol.

   IESG: Internet Engineering Steering Group.  The executive committee
   of the IETF.

   IETF: Internet Engineering Task Force.  One of the task forces of the
   IAB.  The IETF is responsible for solving short-term engineering
   needs of the Internet.  It has over 40 Working Groups.

   IGP: Interior Gateway Protocol.  The protocol used to exchange
   routing information between collaborating routers in the Internet.
   RIP and OSPF are examples of IGPs.

   IGRP: Internet Gateway Routing Protocol.  A proprietary IGP used by
   cisco System's routers.

   INTAP: Interoperability Technology Association for Information
   Processing.  The technical organization which has the official
   charter to develop Japanese OSI profiles and conformance tests.

   intermediate system: An OSI system which is not an end system, but
   which serves instead to relay communications between end systems.
   See repeater, bridge, and router.

   internet: A collection of networks interconnected by a set of routers
   which allow them to function as a single, large virtual network.

   Internet: (note the capital "I") The largest internet in the world
   consisting of large national backbone nets (such as MILNET, NSFNET,



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RFC 1208                INTEROP Pocket Glossary               March 1991


   and CREN) and a myriad of regional and local campus networks all over
   the world.  The Internet uses the Internet protocol suite.  To be on
   the Internet you must have IP connectivity, i.e., be able to Telnet
   to--or ping--other systems.  Networks with only e-mail connectivity
   are not actually classified as being on the Internet.

   Internet address: A 32-bit address assigned to hosts using TCP/IP.
   See dotted decimal notation.

   IONL: Internal Organization of the Network Layer.  The OSI standard
   for the detailed architecture of the Network Layer.  Basically, it
   partitions the Network layer into subnetworks interconnected by
   convergence protocols (equivalent to internetworking protocols),
   creating what Internet calls a catenet or internet.

   IP: Internet Protocol.  The network layer protocol for the Internet
   protocol suite.

   IP datagram: The fundamental unit of information passed across the
   Internet. Contains source and destination addresses along with data
   and a number of fields which define such things as the length of the
   datagram, the header checksum, and flags to say whether the datagram
   can be (or has been) fragmented.

   IRTF: Internet Research Task Force.  One of the task forces of the
   IAB.  The group responsible for research and development of the
   Internet protocol suite.

   ISDN: Integrated Services Digital Network.  An emerging technology
   which is beginning to be offered by the telephone carriers of the
   world.  ISDN combines voice and digital network services in a single
   medium making it possible to offer customers digital data services as
   well as voice connections through a single "wire."  The standards
   that define ISDN are specified by CCITT.

   IS-IS: Intermediate system to Intermediate system protocol.  The OSI
   protocol by which intermediate systems exchange routing information.

   ISO: International Organization for Standardization.  You knew that,
   right? Best known for the 7-layer OSI Reference Model.  See OSI.

   ISODE: ISO Development Environment.  A popular implementation of the
   upper layers of OSI.  Pronounced eye-so-dee-eee.

   JANET: Joint Academic Network.  A university network in the U.K.

   JUNET: Japan UNIX Network.




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RFC 1208                INTEROP Pocket Glossary               March 1991


   KA9Q: A popular implementation of TCP/IP and associated protocols for
   amateur packet radio systems.

   Kermit: A popular file transfer and terminal emulation program.

   little-endian: A format for storage or transmission of binary data in
   which the least significant byte (bit) comes first.  See big-endian.

   mail exploder: Part of an electronic mail delivery system which
   allows a message to be delivered to a list of addressees.  Mail
   exploders are used to implement mailing lists.  Users send messages
   to a single address (e.g., [e-mail]) and the mail exploder
   takes care of delivery to the individual mailboxes in the list.

   mail gateway: A machine that connects two or more electronic mail
   systems (especially dissimilar mail systems on two different
   networks) and transfers messages between them.  Sometimes the mapping
   and translation can be quite complex, and generally it requires a
   store-and-forward scheme whereby the message is received from one
   system completely before it is transmitted to the next system after
   suitable translations.

   Martian: Humorous term applied to packets that turn up unexpectedly
   on the wrong network because of bogus routing entries.  Also used as
   a name for a packet which has an altogether bogus (non-registered or
   ill-formed) Internet address.

   MHS: Message Handling System.  The system of message user agents,
   message transfer agents, message stores, and access units which
   together provide OSI electronic mail.  MHS is specified in the CCITT
   X.400 series of Recommendations.

   MIB: Management Information Base.  A collection of objects that can
   be accessed via a network management protocol.  See SMI.

   MILNET: MILitary NETwork.  Originally part of the ARPANET, MILNET was
   partitioned in 1984 to make it possible for military installations to
   have reliable network service, while the ARPANET continued to be used
   for research.  See DDN.

   MTA: Message Transfer Agent.  An OSI application process used to
   store and forward messages in the X.400 Message Handling System.
   Equivalent to Internet mail agent.

   MTU: Maximum Transmission Unit.  The largest possible unit of data
   that can be sent on a given physical medium.  Example: The MTU of
   Ethernet is 1500 bytes.  See fragmentation.




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RFC 1208                INTEROP Pocket Glossary               March 1991


   multicast: A special form of broadcast where copies of the packet are
   delivered to only a subset of all possible destinations.  See
   broadcast.

   multi-homed host: A computer connected to more than one physical data
   link.  The data links may or may not be attached to the same network.

   name resolution: The process of mapping a name into the corresponding
   address.  See DNS.

   NetBIOS: Network Basic Input Output System.  The standard interface
   to networks on IBM PC and compatible systems.

   Network Address: See Internet address or OSI Network Address.

   Network Layer: The OSI layer that is responsible for routing,
   switching, and subnetwork access across the entire OSI environment.

   NFS(R): Network File System.  A distributed file system developed by
   Sun Microsystems which allows a set of computers to cooperatively
   access each other's files in a transparent manner.

   NIC: Network Information Center.  Originally there was only one,
   located at SRI International and tasked to serve the ARPANET (and
   later DDN) community.  Today, there are many NICs, operated by local,
   regional, and national networks all over the world.  Such centers
   provide user assistance, document service, training, and much more.

   NIST: National Institute of Standards and Technology.  (Formerly
   NBS).  See OIW.

   NMS: Network Management Station.  The system responsible for managing
   a (portion of a) network.  The NMS talks to network management
   agents, which reside in the managed nodes, via a network management
   protocol.  See agent.

   NOC: Network Operations Center.  Any center tasked with the
   operational aspects of a production network.  These tasks include
   monitoring and control, trouble-shooting, user assistance, and so on.

   NSAP: Network Service Access Point.  The point at which the OSI
   Network Service is made available to a Transport entity.  The NSAPs
   are identified by OSI Network Addresses.

   NSF: National Science Foundation.  Sponsors of the NSFNET.
   NSFNET: National Science Foundation NETwork.  A collection of local,
   regional, and mid-level networks in the U.S. tied together by a
   high-speed backbone.  NSFNET provides scientists access to a number



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RFC 1208                INTEROP Pocket Glossary               March 1991


   of supercomputers across the country.

   OIW: Workshop for Implementors of OSI.  Frequently called NIST OIW or
   the NIST Workshop, this is the North American regional forum at which
   OSI implementation agreements are decided.  It is equivalent to EWOS
   in Europe and AOW in the Pacific.

   ONC(tm): Open Network Computing.  A distributed applications
   architecture promoted and controlled by a consortium led by Sun
   Microsystems.

   OSI: Open Systems Interconnection.  An international standardization
   program to facilitate communications among computers from different
   manufacturers.  See ISO.

   OSI Network Address: The address, consisting of up to 20 octets, used
   to locate an OSI Transport entity.  The address is formatted into an
   Initial Domain Part which is standardized for each of several
   addressing domains, and a Domain Specific Part which is the
   responsibility of the addressing authority for that domain.

   OSI Presentation Address: The address used to locate an OSI
   Application entity.  It consists of an OSI Network Address and up to
   three selectors, one each for use by the Transport, Session, and
   Presentation entities.

   OSPF: Open Shortest Path First.  A "Proposed Standard" IGP for the
   Internet.  See IGP.

   PCI: Protocol Control Information.  The protocol information added by
   an OSI entity to the service data unit passed down from the layer
   above, all together forming a Protocol Data Unit (PDU).

   PDU: Protocol Data Unit.  This is OSI terminology for "packet."  A
   PDU is a data object exchanged by protocol machines (entities) within
   a given layer.  PDUs consist of both Protocol Control Information
   (PCI) and user data.

   Physical Layer: The OSI layer that provides the means to activate and
   use physical connections for bit transmission.  In plain terms, the
   Physical Layer provides the procedures for transferring a single bit
   across a Physical Media.

   Physical Media: Any means in the physical world for transferring
   signals between OSI systems.  Considered to be outside the OSI Model,
   and therefore sometimes referred to as "Layer 0."  The physical
   connector to the media can be considered as defining the bottom
   interface of the Physical Layer, i.e., the bottom of the OSI



Jacobsen & Lynch                                               [Page 12]