rfc1983.txt

著名的RFC文档,其中有一些文档是已经翻译成中文的的.

      A cracker is an individual who attempts to access computer systems
      without authorization.  These individuals are often malicious, as
      opposed to hackers, and have many means at their disposal for
      breaking into a system.  See also: hacker, Computer Emergency
      Response Team, Trojan Horse, virus, worm.

   CRC
      See: cyclic redundancy check



Malkin                       Informational                     [Page 13]

RFC 1983                        Glossary                     August 1996


   CREN
      See: Corporation for Research and Educational Networking

   CU-SeeMe
      Pronnounced "See you, See me," CU-SeeMe is a publicly available
      videoconferencing program developed at Cornell University.  It
      allows anyone with audio/video capabilites and an Internet
      connection to videoconference with anyone else with the same
      capabilities.  It also allows multiple people to tie into the same
      videoconference.

   CWIS
      See: Campus Wide Information system

   Cyberspace
      A term coined by William Gibson in his fantasy novel Neuromancer
      to describe the "world" of computers, and the society that gathers
      around them.
      [Source: ZEN]

   Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)
      A number derived from a set of data that will be transmitted.  By
      recalculating the CRC at the remote end and comparing it to the
      value originally transmitted, the receiving node can detect some
      types of transmission errors.  See also: checksum.
      [Source: MALAMUD]

   DANTE
      A non-profit company founded in July 1993 to help the European
      research community enhance their networking facilities.  It
      focuses on the establishment of a high-speed computer network
      infrastructure.

   DARPA
      Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency
      See: Advanced Research Projects Agency

   Data Encryption Key (DEK)
      Used for the encryption of message text and for the computation of
      message integrity checks (signatures).  See also: encryption.

   Data Encryption Standard (DES)
      A popular, standard encryption scheme.  See also: encryption,
      Pretty Good Privacy, RSA.

   datagram
      A self-contained, independent entity of data carrying sufficient
      information to be routed from the source to the destination



Malkin                       Informational                     [Page 14]

RFC 1983                        Glossary                     August 1996


      computer without reliance on earlier exchanges between this source
      and destination computer and the transporting network.  See also:
      frame, packet.
      [Source: J. Postel]

   DCA
      See: Defense Information Systems Agency

   DCE
      Data Circuit-terminating Equipment

   DCE
      See: Distributed Computing Environment

   DDN
      See: Defense Data Network

   DDN NIC
      See: Defense Data Network Network Information Center

   DECnet
      A proprietary network protocol designed by Digital Equipment
      Corporation.  The functionality of each Phase of the
      implementation, such as Phase IV and Phase V, is different.

   default route
      A routing table entry which is used to direct packets addressed to
      networks not explicitly listed in the routing table.
      [Source: MALAMUD]

   Defense Data Network (DDN)
      A global communications network serving the US Department of
      Defense composed of MILNET, other portions of the Internet, and
      classified networks which are not part of the Internet.  The DDN
      is used to connect military installations and is managed by the
      Defense Information Systems Agency.  See also: Defense Information
      Systems Agency.

   Defense Data Network Network Information Center (DDN NIC)
      Previously called "The NIC", the DDN NIC's primary responsibility
      was the assignment of Internet network addresses and Autonomous
      System numbers, the administration of the root domain, and
      providing information and support services to the Internet for the
      DDN.  Since the creation of the InterNIC, the DDN NIC performs
      these functions only for the DDN.  See also: Autonomous System,
      network address, Internet Registry, InterNIC, Network Information
      Center, Request For Comments.




Malkin                       Informational                     [Page 15]

RFC 1983                        Glossary                     August 1996


   Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA)
      Formerly called the Defense Communications Agency (DCA), this is
      the government agency responsible for managing the DDN portion of
      the Internet, including the MILNET.  Currently, DISA administers
      the DDN, and supports the user assistance services of the DDN NIC.
      See also: Defense Data Network.

   DEK
      See: Data Encryption Key

   DES
      See: Data Encryption Standard

   dialup
      A temporary, as opposed to dedicated, connection between machines
      established over a phone line (analog or ISDN).  See also:
      Integrated Services Digital Network.

   Directory Access Protocol
      X.500 protocol used for communication between a Directory User
      Agent and a Directory System Agent.
      [Source: MALAMUD]

   Directory System Agent (DSA)
      The software that provides the X.500 Directory Service for a
      portion of the directory information base.  Generally, each DSA is
      responsible for the directory information for a single
      organization or organizational unit.
      [Source: RFC1208]

   Directory User Agent (DUA)
      The software that accesses the X.500 Directory Service on behalf
      of the directory user.  The directory user may be a person or
      another software element.
      [Source: RFC1208]

   DISA
      See: Defense Information Systems Agency

   Distributed Computing Environment (DCE)
      An architecture of standard programming interfaces, conventions,
      and server functionalities (e.g., naming, distributed file system,
      remote procedure call) for distributing applications transparently
      across networks of heterogeneous computers.  Promoted and
      controlled by the Open Software Foundation (OSF), a consortium led
      by Digital, IBM and Hewlett Packard.
      [Source: RFC1208]




Malkin                       Informational                     [Page 16]

RFC 1983                        Glossary                     August 1996


   distributed database
      A collection of several different data repositories that looks
      like a single database to the user.  A prime example in the
      Internet is the Domain Name System.

   DIX Ethernet
      See: Ethernet

   DNS
      See: Domain Name System

   domain
      "Domain" is a heavily overused term in the Internet.  It can be
      used in the Administrative Domain context, or the Domain Name
      context.  See also: Administrative Domain, Domain Name System.

   Domain Name System (DNS)
      The DNS is a general purpose distributed, replicated, data query
      service.  The principal use is the lookup of host IP addresses
      based on host names.  The style of host names now used in the
      Internet is called "domain name", because they are the style of
      names used to look up anything in the DNS.  Some important domains
      are: .COM (commercial), .EDU (educational), .NET (network
      operations), .GOV (U.S. government), and .MIL (U.S. military).
      Most countries also have a domain.  The country domain names are
      based on ISO 3166.  For example, .US (United States), .UK (United
      Kingdom), .AU (Australia).  See also: Fully Qualified Domain Name,
      Mail Exchange Record.

   dot address (dotted decimal notation)
      Dot address refers to the common notation for IP addresses of the
      form A.B.C.D; where each letter represents, in decimal, one byte
      of a four byte IP address.  See also: IP address.
      [Source: FYI4]

   DSA
      See: Directory System Agent

   DTE
      Data Terminal Equipment

   DUA
      See: Directory User Agent








Malkin                       Informational                     [Page 17]

RFC 1983                        Glossary                     August 1996


   dynamic adaptive routing
      Automatic rerouting of traffic based on a sensing and analysis of
      current actual network conditions.  NOTE: this does not include
      cases of routing decisions taken on predefined information.
      [Source: J. Postel]

   E1
      The basic building block for European multi-megabit data rates,
      with a bandwidth of 2.048Mbps.  See also: T1.

   E3
      A European standard for transmitting data at 57.344Mbps.  See
      also: T3.

   EARN
      European Academic and Research Network.  See: Trans-European
      Research and Education Networking Association.

   EBCDIC
      See: Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code

   Ebone
      A pan-European backbone service.

   EFF
      See: Electronic Frontier Foundation

   EGP
      See: Exterior Gateway Protocol

   Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF)
      A foundation established to address social and legal issues
      arising from the impact on society of the increasingly pervasive
      use of computers as a means of communication and information
      distribution.

   Electronic Mail (email)
      A system whereby a computer user can exchange messages with other
      computer users (or groups of users) via a communications network.
      Electronic mail is one of the most popular uses of the Internet.
      [Source: NNSC]

   email
      See: Electronic mail

   email address
      The domain-based or UUCP address that is used to send electronic
      mail to a specified destination.  For example an editor's address



Malkin                       Informational                     [Page 18]

RFC 1983                        Glossary                     August 1996


      is "[e-mail]".  See also: bang path, mail path, UNIX-
      to-UNIX CoPy.
      [Source: ZEN]

   encapsulation
      The technique used by layered protocols in which a layer adds
      header information to the protocol data unit (PDU) from the layer
      above.  For example, in Internet terminology, a packet would
      contain a header from the physical layer, followed by a header
      from the datalink layer (e.g.  Ethernet), followed by a header
      from the network layer (IP), followed by a header from the
      transport layer (e.g. TCP), followed by the application protocol
      data.
      [Source: RFC1208]

   encryption
      Encryption is the manipulation of a packet's data in order to
      prevent any but the intended recipient from reading that data.
      There are many types of data encryption, and they are the basis of
      network security.  See also: Data Encryption Standard.

   error checking
      The examination of received data for transmission errors.  See
      also: checksum, Cyclic Redundancy Check.

   Ethernet
      A 10-Mb/s standard for LANs, initially developed by Xerox, and
      later refined by Digital, Intel and Xerox (DIX).  All hosts are
      connected to a coaxial cable where they contend for network access
      using a Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection
      (CSMA/CD) paradigm.  See also: 802.x, Local Area Network, token
      ring.

   Ethernet meltdown
      An event that causes saturation, or near saturation, on an
      Ethernet.  It usually results from illegal or misrouted packets
      and typically lasts only a short time.  See also: broadcast storm.
      [Source: COMER]

   Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC)
      A standard character-to-number encoding used primarily by IBM
      computer systems.  See also: ASCII.

   Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGP)
      A protocol which distributes routing information to the routers
      which connect autonomous systems.  The term "gateway" is
      historical, as "router" is currently the preferred term.  There is
      also a routing protocol called EGP defined in RFC 904.  See also:



Malkin                       Informational                     [Page 19]

RFC 1983                        Glossary                     August 1996


      Autonomous System, Border Gateway Protocol, Interior Gateway
      Protocol.

   eXternal Data Representation (XDR)
      A standard for machine independent data structures developed by
      Sun Microsystems and defined in RFCs 1014 and 1832.  It is similar
      to ASN.1.  See also: Abstract Syntax Notation One.