rfc2962.txt

著名的RFC文档,其中有一些文档是已经翻译成中文的的.

Network Working Group                                              D. Raz
Request for Comments: 2962                            Lucent Technologies
Category: Informational                                  J. Schoenwaelder
                                                          TU Braunschweig
                                                                 B. Sugla
                                                             ISPSoft Inc.
                                                             October 2000


   An SNMP Application Level Gateway for Payload Address Translation

Status of this Memo

   This memo provides information for the Internet community.  It does
   not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of this
   memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2000).  All Rights Reserved.

IESG Note

   This document describes an SNMP application layer gateway (ALG),
   which may be useful in certain environments.  The document does also
   list the issues and problems that can arise when used as a generic
   SNMP ALG.  Specifically, when using SNMPv3's authentication and
   privacy mechanisms this approach may be very problematic and
   jeopardize the SNMP security.  The reader is urged to carefully
   consider these issues before deciding to deploy this type of SNMP
   ALG.

Abstract

   This document describes the ALG (Application Level Gateway) for the
   SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) by which IP (Internet
   Protocol) addresses in the payload of SNMP packets are statically
   mapped from one group to another.  The SNMP ALG is a specific case of
   an Application Level Gateway as described in [15].

   An SNMP ALG allows network management stations to manage multiple
   networks that use conflicting IP addresses.  This can be important in
   environments where there is a need to use SNMP with NAT (Network
   Address Translator) in order to manage several potentially
   overlapping addressing realms.






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   This document includes a detailed description of the requirements and
   limitations for an implementation of an SNMP Application Level
   Gateway.  It also discusses other approaches to exchange SNMP packets
   across conflicting addressing realms.

Table of Contents

   1.  Introduction ..................................................2
   2.  Terminology and Concepts Used  ................................5
   3.  Problem Scope and Requirements ................................5
   3.1 IP Addresses in SNMP Messages  ................................6
   3.2 Requirements ..................................................7
   4.  Translating IP Addresses in SNMP Packets ......................7
   4.1 Basic SNMP Application Level Gateway ..........................8
   4.2 Advanced SNMP Application Level Gateway  ......................8
   4.3 Packet Size and UDP Checksum ..................................9
   5.  Limitations and Alternate Solutions  .........................10
   6.  Security Considerations  .....................................12
   7.  Summary and Recommendations  .................................13
   8.  Current Implementations  .....................................14
   9.  Acknowledgments  .............................................14
   10. References ...................................................14
   11. Authors' Addresses ...........................................16
   12. Description of the Encoding of SNMP Packets  .................17
   13. Full Copyright Statement .....................................20

1. Introduction

   The need for IP address translation arises when a network's internal
   IP addresses cannot be used outside the network.  Using basic network
   address translation allows local hosts on such private networks
   (addressing realms) to transparently access the external global
   Internet and enables access to selective local hosts from the
   outside.  In particular it is not unlikely to have several addressing
   realms that are using the same private IPv4 address space within the
   same organization.

   In many of these cases, there is a need to manage the local
   addressing realm from a manager site outside the domain. However,
   managing such a network presents unique problems and challenges.
   Most available management applications use SNMP (Simple Network
   Management Protocol) to retrieve information from the network
   elements.  For example, a router may be queried by the management
   application about the addresses of its neighboring elements.  This
   information is then sent by the router back to the management






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   station as part of the payload of an SNMP packet. In order to retain
   consistency in the view as seen by the management station we need to
   be able to locate and translate IP address related information in the
   payload of such packets.

   The SNMP Application Level Gateway for Payload Address Translation,
   or SNMP ALG, is a technique in which the payload of SNMP packets
   (PDUs) is scanned and IP address related information is translated if
   needed.  In this context, an SNMP ALG can be an additional component
   in a NAT implementation, or it can be a separate entity, that may
   reside in the same gateway or even on a separate node.  Note that in
   our context of management application all devices in the network are
   assumed to have a fixed IP address.  Thus, SNMP ALG should only be
   combined with NAT that uses static address assignment for all the
   devices in the network.

   A typical scenario where SNMP ALG is deployed as part of NAT is
   presented in figure Figure 1.  A manager device is managing a remote
   stub, with translated IP addresses.

         \ | /              .
   +---------------+  WAN   .        +------------------------------+
   |Regional Router|-----------------|Stub Router w/NAT and SNMP ALG|
   +---------------+        .        +------------------------------+
           |                .                   |
           |                .                   |  LAN
      +----------+          .            ---------------
      | Manager  |    Stub border         Managed network
      +----------+

               Figure 1: SNMP ALG in a NAT configuration




















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   A similar scenario occurs when several subnetworks with private (and
   possibly conflicting) IP addresses are to be managed by the same
   management station.  This scenario is presented in Figure 2.

                         +---------------+     +-----------------+
                         | SNMP ALG      |-----|Management device|
                         +---------------+     +-----------------+
                       T1  |           | T1
                           |           |
       Stub A .............|....   ....|............ Stub B
                           |           |
                 +---------------+   +----------------+
                 |Bi-directional |   |Bi-directional |
                 |NAT Router w/  |   |NAT Router w/  |
                 |static address |   |static address |
                 |mapping        |   |mapping        |
                 +---------------+   +---------------+
                   |                         |
                   |  LAN               LAN  |
           -------------             -------------
        192.10.x.y   |                 |  192.10.x.y
                   /____\           /____\


     Figure 2: Using external SNMP ALG to manage two private networks

   Since the devices in the managed network are monitored by the manager
   device they must obtain a fixed IP address.  Therefore, the NAT used
   in this case must be a basic NAT with a static one to one mapping.

   An SNMP ALG is required to scan all the payload of SNMP packets, to
   detect IP address related data, and to translate this data if needed.
   This is a much more computationally involved process than the bi-
   directional NAT, however they both use the same translation tables.
   In many cases the router may be unable to handle SNMP ALG and retain
   acceptable performance. In these cases it may be better to locate the
   SNMP ALG outside the router, as described in Figure 2.














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2. Terminology and Concepts Used

   In general we adapt the terminology defined in [15].  Our main
   concern are SNMP messages exchanged between SNMP engines.  This
   document only discusses SNMP messages that are send over UDP, which
   is the preferred transport mapping for SNMP messages [5].  SNMP
   messages send over other transports can be handled in a similar way.
   Thus, the term SNMP packet is used throughout this document to refer
   to an SNMP message contained in an UDP packet.

   SNMP messages contain SNMP PDUs (Protocol Data Units).  An SNMP PDU
   defines the parameters for a specific SNMP protocol operation.  The
   notion of flow is less relevant in this case, and hence we will focus
   on the information contained in a single SNMP packet.

   There are currently three versions of SNMP. SNMP version 1 (SNMPv1)
   protocol is defined in STD 15, RFC 1157 [2]. The SNMP version 2c
   (SNMPv2c) protocol is defined in RFC 1901 [3], RFC 1905 [4] and RFC
   1906 [5].  Finally, the SNMP version 3 (SNMPv3) protocol is defined
   in RFC 1905 [4], 1906 [5], RFC 2572 [10] and RFC 2574 [12].  See RFC
   2570 [9] for a more detailed overview over the SNMP standards.  In
   the following, unless otherwise mentioned, we use the term SNMP in
   statements that are applicable to all three SNMP versions.

   SNMP uses ASN.1 [13] to define the abstract syntax of the messages.
   The actual encoding of the messages is done by using the Basic
   Encoding Rules (BER) [14], which provide the transfer syntax.

   We refer to packets that go from a management station to the network
   elements as "outgoing", and packets that go from the network elements
   to the management station as "incoming".

   A basic SNMP ALG is an SNMP ALG implementation in which only IP
   address values encoded in the IpAddress type are translated. A basic
   SNMP ALG therefore does not need to be MIB aware.

   An advanced SNMP ALG is an SNMP ALG implementation which is capable
   of handling and replacing IP address values encoded in well known IP
   address data types and instance identifiers derived from those data
   types. This implies that an advanced SNMP ALG is MIB aware.

3. Problem Scope and Requirements

   As mentioned before, in many cases, there is a need to manage a local
   addressing realm that is using NAT, from a manager site outside the
   realm.  A particular important example is the case of network
   management service providers who provide network management services
   from a remote site.  Such providers may have many customers, each