rfc2693.txt

著名的RFC文档,其中有一些文档是已经翻译成中文的的.

Network Working Group                                         C. Ellison
Request for Comments: 2693                                         Intel
Category: Experimental                                         B. Frantz
                                                    Electric Communities
                                                              B. Lampson
                                                               Microsoft
                                                               R. Rivest
                                     MIT Laboratory for Computer Science
                                                               B. Thomas
                                                       Southwestern Bell
                                                               T. Ylonen
                                                                     SSH
                                                          September 1999


                        SPKI Certificate Theory

Status of this Memo

   This memo defines an Experimental Protocol for the Internet
   community.  It does not specify an Internet standard of any kind.
   Discussion and suggestions for improvement are requested.
   Distribution of this memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999).  All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

   The SPKI Working Group has developed a standard form for digital
   certificates whose main purpose is authorization rather than
   authentication.  These structures bind either names or explicit
   authorizations to keys or other objects.  The binding to a key can be
   directly to an explicit key, or indirectly through the hash of the
   key or a name for it.  The name and authorization structures can be
   used separately or together.  We use S-expressions as the standard
   format for these certificates and define a canonical form for those
   S-expressions.  As part of this development, a mechanism for deriving
   authorization decisions from a mixture of certificate types was
   developed and is presented in this document.

   This document gives the theory behind SPKI certificates and ACLs
   without going into technical detail about those structures or their
   uses.






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Table of Contents

   1. Overview of Contents.......................................3
   1.1 Glossary..................................................4
   2. Name Certification.........................................5
   2.1 First Definition of CERTIFICATE...........................6
   2.2 The X.500 Plan and X.509..................................6
   2.3 X.509, PEM and PGP........................................7
   2.4 Rethinking Global Names...................................7
   2.5 Inescapable Identifiers...................................9
   2.6 Local Names..............................................10
   2.6.1 Basic SDSI Names.......................................10
   2.6.2 Compound SDSI Names....................................10
   2.7 Sources of Global Identifiers............................11
   2.8 Fully Qualified SDSI Names...............................11
   2.9 Fully Qualified X.509 Names..............................12
   2.10 Group Names.............................................12
   3. Authorization.............................................12
   3.1 Attribute Certificates...................................13
   3.2 X.509v3 Extensions.......................................13
   3.3 SPKI Certificates........................................14
   3.4 ACL Entries..............................................15
   4. Delegation................................................15
   4.1 Depth of Delegation......................................15
   4.1.1 No control.............................................15
   4.1.2 Boolean control........................................16
   4.1.3 Integer control........................................16
   4.1.4 The choice: boolean....................................16
   4.2 May a Delegator Also Exercise the Permission?............17
   4.3 Delegation of Authorization vs. ACLs.....................17
   5. Validity Conditions.......................................18
   5.1 Anti-matter CRLs.........................................18
   5.2 Timed CRLs...............................................19
   5.3 Timed Revalidations......................................20
   5.4 Setting the Validity Interval............................20
   5.5 One-time Revalidations...................................20
   5.6 Short-lived Certificates.................................21
   5.7 Other possibilities......................................21
   5.7.1 Micali's Inexpensive On-line Results...................21
   5.7.2 Rivest's Reversal of the CRL Logic.....................21
   6. Tuple Reduction...........................................22
   6.1 5-tuple Defined..........................................23
   6.2 4-tuple Defined..........................................24
   6.3 5-tuple Reduction Rules..................................24
   6.3.1 AIntersect.............................................25
   6.3.2 VIntersect.............................................27
   6.3.3 Threshold Subjects.....................................27
   6.3.4 Certificate Path Discovery.............................28



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   6.4 4-tuple Reduction........................................28
   6.4.1 4-tuple Threshold Subject Reduction....................29
   6.4.2 4-tuple Validity Intersection..........................29
   6.5 Certificate Translation..................................29
   6.5.1 X.509v1................................................29
   6.5.2 PGP....................................................30
   6.5.3 X.509v3................................................30
   6.5.4 X9.57..................................................30
   6.5.5 SDSI 1.0...............................................30
   6.5.6 SPKI...................................................31
   6.5.7 SSL....................................................31
   6.6 Certificate Result Certificates..........................32
   7. Key Management............................................33
   7.1 Through Inescapable Names................................33
   7.2 Through a Naming Authority...............................33
   7.3 Through <name,key> Certificates..........................34
   7.4 Increasing Key Lifetimes.................................34
   7.5 One Root Per Individual..................................35
   7.6 Key Revocation Service...................................36
   7.7 Threshold ACL Subjects...................................36
   8. Security Considerations...................................37
   References...................................................38
   Acknowledgments..............................................40
   Authors' Addresses...........................................41
   Full Copyright Statement.....................................43

1. Overview of Contents

   This document contains the following sections:

   Section 2: history of name certification, from 1976 on.

   Section 3: discussion of authorization, rather than authentication,
   as the desired purpose of a certificate.

   Section 4: discussion of delegation.

   Section 5: discussion of validity conditions: date ranges, CRLs, re-
   validations and one-time on-line validity tests.

   Section 6: definition of 5-tuples and their reduction.

   Section 7: discussion of key management.

   Section 8: security considerations.






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   The References section lists all documents referred to in the text as
   well as readings which might be of interest to anyone reading on this
   topic.

   The Acknowledgements section, including a list of contributors
   primarily from the start of the working group.  [The archive of
   working group mail is a more accurate source of contributor
   information.]

   The Authors' Addresses section gives the addresses, telephone numbers
   and e-mail addresses of the authors.

1.1 Glossary

   We use some terms in the body of this document in ways that could be
   specific to SPKI:

   ACL: an Access Control List: a list of entries that anchors a
   certificate chain.  Sometimes called a "list of root keys", the ACL
   is the source of empowerment for certificates.  That is, a
   certificate communicates power from its issuer to its subject, but
   the ACL is the source of that power (since it theoretically has the
   owner of the resource it controls as its implicit issuer).  An ACL
   entry has potentially the same content as a certificate body, but has
   no Issuer (and is not signed).  There is most likely one ACL for each
   resource owner, if not for each controlled resource.

   CERTIFICATE: a signed instrument that empowers the Subject.  It
   contains at least an Issuer and a Subject.  It can contain validity
   conditions, authorization and delegation information.  Certificates
   come in three categories: ID (mapping <name,key>), Attribute (mapping
   <authorization,name>), and Authorization (mapping
   <authorization,key>).  An SPKI authorization or attribute certificate
   can pass along all the empowerment it has received from the Issuer or
   it can pass along only a portion of that empowerment.

   ISSUER: the signer of a certificate and the source of empowerment
   that the certificate is communicating to the Subject.

   KEYHOLDER: the person or other entity that owns and controls a given
   private key.  This entity is said to be the keyholder of the keypair
   or just the public key, but control of the private key is assumed in
   all cases.

   PRINCIPAL: a cryptographic key, capable of generating a digital
   signature.  We deal with public-key signatures in this document but
   any digital signature method should apply.




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   SPEAKING: A Principal is said to "speak" by means of a digital
   signature.  The statement made is the signed object (often a
   certificate).  The Principal is said to "speak for" the Keyholder.

   SUBJECT: the thing empowered by a certificate or ACL entry.  This can
   be in the form of a key, a name (with the understanding that the name
   is mapped by certificate to some key or other object), a hash of some
   object, or a set of keys arranged in a threshold function.

   S-EXPRESSION: the data format chosen for SPKI/SDSI.  This is a LISP-
   like parenthesized expression with the limitations that empty lists
   are not allowed and the first element in any S-expression must be a
   string, called the "type" of the expression.

   THRESHOLD SUBJECT: a Subject for an ACL entry or certificate that
   specifies K of N other Subjects.  Conceptually, the power being
   transmitted to the Subject by the ACL entry or certificate is
   transmitted in (1/K) amount to each listed subordinate Subject.  K of
   those subordinate Subjects must agree (by delegating their shares
   along to the same object or key) for that power to be passed along.
   This mechanism introduces fault tolerance and is especially useful in
   an ACL entry, providing fault tolerance for "root keys".

2. Name Certification

   Certificates were originally viewed as having one function: binding
   names to keys or keys to names.  This thought can be traced back to
   the paper by Diffie and Hellman introducing public key cryptography
   in 1976.  Prior to that time, key management was risky, involved and
   costly, sometimes employing special couriers with briefcases
   handcuffed to their wrists.

   Diffie and Hellman thought they had radically solved this problem.
   "Given a system of this kind, the problem of key distribution is
   vastly simplified.  Each user generates a pair of inverse
   transformations, E and D, at his terminal.  The deciphering
   transformation, D, must be kept secret but need never be communicated
   on any channel.  The enciphering key, E, can be made public by
   placing it in a public directory along with the user's name and
   address.  Anyone can then encrypt messages and send them to the user,
   but no one else can decipher messages intended for him." [DH]

   This modified telephone book, fully public, took the place of the
   trusted courier.  This directory could be put on-line and therefore
   be available on demand, worldwide.  In considering that prospect,
   Loren Kohnfelder, in his 1978 bachelor's thesis in electrical
   engineering from MIT [KOHNFELDER], noted: "Public-key communication
   works best when the encryption functions can reliably be shared among



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   the communicants (by direct contact if possible).  Yet when such a
   reliable exchange of functions is impossible the next best thing is
   to trust a third party.  Diffie and Hellman introduce a central
   authority known as the Public File."

2.1 First Definition of CERTIFICATE

   Kohnfelder then noted, "Each individual has a name in the system by
   which he is referenced in the Public File.  Once two communicants
   have gotten each other's keys from the Public File they can securely
   communicate.  The Public File digitally signs all of its
   transmissions so that enemy impersonation of the Public File is
   precluded."  In an effort to prevent performance problems, Kohnfelder
   invented a new construct: a digitally signed data record containing a
   name and a public key.  He called this new construct a CERTIFICATE.
   Because it was digitally signed, such a certificate could be held by
   non-trusted parties and passed around from person to person,
   resolving the performance problems involved in a central directory.

2.2 The X.500 Plan and X.509