rfc2288.txt

著名的RFC文档,其中有一些文档是已经翻译成中文的的.

Network Working Group                                          C. Lynch
Request for Comments: 2288          Coalition for Networked Information
Category: Informational                                      C. Preston
                                                        Preston & Lynch
                                                              R. Daniel
                                         Los Alamos National Laboratory
                                                          February 1998


                Using Existing Bibliographic Identifiers
                                   as
                         Uniform Resource Names

Status of this Memo

   This memo provides information for the Internet community.  It does
   not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of this
   memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1998).  All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

   A system for Uniform Resource Names (URNs) must be capable of
   supporting identifiers from existing widely-used naming systems.
   This document discusses how three major bibliographic identifiers
   (the ISBN, ISSN and SICI) can be supported within the URN framework
   and the currently proposed syntax for URNs.

1. Introduction

   The ongoing work of several IETF working groups, most recently in the
   Uniform Resource Names working group, has culminated the development
   of a syntax for Uniform Resource Names (URNs).   The functional
   requirements and overall framework for Uniform Resource Names are
   specified in RFC 1737 [Sollins & Masinter] and the specification for
   the URN syntax is RFC 2141 [Moats].

   As part of the validation process for the development of URNs the
   IETF working group has agreed that it is important to demonstrate
   that the current URN syntax proposal can accommodate existing
   identifiers from well established namespaces.  One such
   infrastructure for assigning and managing names comes from the
   bibliographic community.  Bibliographic identifiers function as names
   for objects that exist both in print and, increasingly, in electronic
   formats.  This memo demonstrates the feasibility of supporting three



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   representative bibliographic identifiers within the currently
   proposed URN framework and syntax.

   Note that this document does not purport to define the "official"
   standard way of moving these bibliographic identifiers into URNs; it
   merely demonstrates feasibility.  It has not been developed in
   consultation with these standards bodies and maintenance agencies
   that oversee the existing bibliographic identifiers.  Any actual
   Internet standard for encoding these bibliographic identifiers as
   URNs will need to be developed in consultation with the responsible
   standards bodies and maintenance agencies.

   In addition, there are several open questions with regard to the
   management and registry of Namespace Identifiers (NIDs) for URNs.
   For purposes of illustration, we have used the three NIDs "ISBN",
   "ISSN" and "SICI" for the three corresponding bibliographic
   identifiers discussed in this document.  While we believe this to be
   the most appropriate choice, it is not the only one.  The NIDs could
   be based on the standards body and standard number (e.g.  "US-ANSI-
   NISO-Z39.56-1997" rather than "SICI").  Alternatively, one could lump
   all bibliographic identifiers into a single "BIBLIOGRAPHIC" name
   space, and structure the namespace-specific string to specify which
   identifier is being used.  Any final resolution of this must wait for
   the outcome of namespace management discussions in the working group
   and the broader IETF community.

   For the purposes of this document, we have selected three major
   bibliographic identifiers (national and international) to fit within
   the URN framework.  These are the International Standard Book Number
   (ISBN) [ISO1], the International Standard Serials Number (ISSN)
   [NISO1,ISO2, ISO3], and the Serial Item and Contribution Identifier
   (SICI) [NISO2].  An ISBN is used to identify a monograph (book).  An
   ISSN is used to identify serial publications (journals, newspapers)
   as a whole.   A SICI augments the ISSN in order to identify
   individual issues of serial publications, or components within those
   issues (such as an individual article, or the table of contents of a
   given issue).  The ISBN and ISSN are defined in the United States by
   standards issued by the National Information Standards Organization
   (NISO) and also by parallel international standards issued under the
   auspices of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
   NISO is the ANSI-accredited standards body serving libraries,
   publishers and information services.  The SICI code is defined by a
   NISO document in the United States and does not have a parallel
   international standards document at present.







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   Many other bibliographic identifiers are in common use (for example,
   CODEN, numbers assigned by major bibliographic utilities such as OCLC
   and RLG, national library numbers such as the Library of Congress
   Control Number) or are under development.  While we do not discuss
   them in this document, many of these will also need to be supported
   within the URN framework as it moves to large scale implementation.
   The issues involved in supporting those additional identifiers are
   anticipated to be broadly similar to those involved in supporting
   ISBNs, ISSNs, and SICIs.

2. Identification vs. Resolution

   It is important to distinguish between the resource identified by a
   URN and the resources a URN resolver that can reasonably return when
   attempting to resolve an identifier.  For example, the ISSN 0040-781X
   identifies the popular magazine "Time" -- all of it, every issue for
   from the start of publication to present.  Resolving such an
   identifier should not result in the equivalent of hundreds of
   thousands of pages of text and photos being dumped to the user's
   machine.  It is more reasonable for ISSNs to resolve to a
   navigational system, such as an HTML-based search form, so the user
   may select issues or articles of interest.  ISBNs and SICIs, on the
   other hand, do identify finite, manageably-sized objects, but these
   objects may still be large enough that resolution to a hierarchical
   system is appropriate.

   In addition, the materials identified by an ISSN, ISBN or SICI may
   exist only in printed or other physical form, not electronically.
   The best that a resolver may be able to offer is information about
   where to get the physical resource, such as library holdings or a
   bookstore or publisher order form.  The URN Framework provides
   resolution services that may be used to describe any differences
   between the resource identified by a URN and the resource that would
   be returned as a result of resolving that URN.

3. International Standard Book Numbers

3.1 Overview

   An International Standard Book Number (ISBN) identifies an edition of
   a monographic work.  The ISBN is defined by the standard
   NISO/ANSI/ISO 2108:1992 [ISO1]

   Basically, an ISBN is a ten-digit number (actually, the last digit
   can be the letter "X" as well, as described below) which is divided
   into four variable length parts usually separated by hyphens when
   printed.  The parts are as follows (in this order):




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   * a group identifier which specifies a group of publishers, based on
   national, geographic or some other criteria,

   * the publisher identifier,

   * the title identifier,

   * and a modulus 11 check digit, using X instead of 10.

   The group and publisher number assignments are managed in such a way
   that the hyphens are not needed to parse the ISBN unambiguously into
   its constituent parts.  However, the ISBN is normally transmitted and
   displayed with hyphens to make it easy for human beings to recognize
   these parts without having to make reference to or have knowledge of
   the number assignments for group and publisher identifiers.

3.2 Encoding Considerations and Lexical Equivalence

   Embedding ISBNs within the URN framework presents no particular
   encoding problems, since all of the characters that can appear in an
   ISBN are valid in the identifier segment of the URN.  %-encoding, as
   described in [MOATS] is never needed.

   Example: URN:ISBN:0-395-36341-1

   For the ISBN namespace, some additional equivalence rules are
   appropriate.  Prior to comparing two ISBN URNs for equivalence, it is
   appropriate to remove all hyphens, and to convert any occurrences of
   the letter X to upper case.

3.3 Additional considerations

   The ISBN standard and related community implementation guidelines
   define when different versions of a work should be assigned the same
   or differing ISBNs.  In actuality, however, practice varies somewhat
   depending on publisher as to whether different ISBNs are assigned for
   paperbound vs.  hardbound versions of the same work, electronic vs.
   printed versions of the same work, or versions of the same work
   distinguished in some other way (e.g., published for example in the
   US and in Europe).  The choice of whether to assign a new ISBN or to
   reuse an existing one when publishing a revised printing of an
   existing edition of a work or even a revised edition of a work is
   somewhat subjective.  Practice varies from publisher to publisher
   (indeed, the distinction between a revised printing and a new edition
   is itself somewhat subjective).  The use of ISBNs within the URN
   framework simply reflects these existing practices.  Note that it is
   likely that an ISBN URN will often resolve to many instances of the
   work (many URLs).



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4. International Standard Serials Numbers

4.1 Overview

   International Standard Serials Numbers (ISSN) identify a work that is
   published on a continued basis in issues; they identify the entire
   (often open-ended, in the case of an actively published) work.  ISSNs
   are defined by the international standards ISO 3297:1986 [ISO2] and
   ISO/DIS 3297 [ISO3] and within the United States by NISO Z39.9-1992
   [NISO1].  The ISSN International Centre is located in Paris and
   coordinates a network of regional centers.  The National Serials Data
   Program within the Library of Congress is the US Center of this
   network.

   ISSNs have the form NNNN-NNNN where N is a digit, the last digit may
   be an upper case X as the result of the check character calculation.
   Unlike the ISBN the ISSN components do not have much structure;
   blocks of numbers are passed out to the regional centers and
   publishers.

4.2 Encoding Considerations and Lexical Equivalence

   Again, there is no problem representing ISSNs in the namespace-
   specific string of URNs since all characters valid in the ISSN are
   valid in the namespace-specific URN string, and %-encoding is never
   required.

   Example: URN:ISSN:1046-8188

   Supplementary comparison rules are also appropriate for the ISSN
   namespace.  Just as for ISBNs, hyphens should be dropped prior to
   comparison and occurrences of 'x' normalized to uppercase.

4.3 Additional Considerations

   The ISSN standard and related community implementation guidelines
   specify when new ISSNs should be assigned vs.  continuing to use an
   existing one.  There are some publications where practice within the
   bibliographic community varies from institution to institution, such
   as annuals or annual conference proceedings.  In some cases these are
   treated as serials and ISSNs are used, and in some cases they are
   treated as monographs and ISBNs are used.  For example SIGMOD Record
   volume 24 number 2 June 1995 contains the Proceedings of the 1995 ACM
   SIGMOD International Conference on Management of Data.  If you
   subscribe to the journal (ISSN 0163-5808) this is simply the June
   issue.  On the other hand you may have acquired this volume as the
   conference proceedings (a monograph) and as such would use the ISBN
   0-89791-731-6 to identify the work.  There are also varying practices



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