rfc1990.txt

著名的RFC文档,其中有一些文档是已经翻译成中文的的.

Sklower, et. al.            Standards Track                     [Page 6]

RFC 1990                     PPP Multilink                   August 1996


                      Figure 1.  Multilink Overview.

     Network Layer
     -------------
                    ______           ______
                   /      \         /      \
                  |  NL 1  |       |  NL 2  |
                   \______/         \______/
                     | | |             | | |
                     | | +-------------o-o-o-+
                     | +------+  +-----+ | | |
                     |        |  |       | | |
                     | +------o--o-------+ + |
                     | |      |__|_        | |
                     | |     /      \      | |
                     | |    |  MLCP  | <--- Link Layer
                     | |     \______/    Demultiplexing
                     | |        |          | |
                     | |        |          | |
                     | |        | <--- Virtual Link
                     | |        |          | |
                     | |        |          | |
                     | |        |          | |
                     | |        +          | |
                  ___|_|        |       ___|_|
                 /      \       |      /      \
                |   LCP  |------+-----|  LCP   | <--- Link Layer
                 \______/              \______/       Demultiplexing
                    |                      |
                    |                      |
                  Link 1                 Link 2

3.  Packet Formats

   In this section we describe the layout of individual fragments, which
   are the "packets" in the Multilink Protocol.  Network Protocol
   packets are first encapsulated (but not framed) according to normal
   PPP procedures, and large packets are broken up into multiple
   segments sized appropriately for the multiple physical links.
   Although it would otherwise be permitted by the PPP spec,
   implementations MUST NOT include the Address and Control Field in the
   logical entity to be fragmented.  A new PPP header consisting of the
   Multilink Protocol Identifier, and the Multilink header is inserted
   before each section.  (Thus the first fragment of a multilink packet
   in PPP will have two headers, one for the fragment, followed by the
   header for the packet itself).





Sklower, et. al.            Standards Track                     [Page 7]

RFC 1990                     PPP Multilink                   August 1996


   Systems implementing the multilink procedure are not required to
   fragment small packets.  There is also no requirement that the
   segments be of equal sizes, or that packets must be broken up at all.
   A possible strategy for contending with member links of differing
   transmission rates would be to divide the packets into segments
   proportion to the transmission rates.  Another strategy might be to
   divide them into many equal fragments and distribute multiple
   fragments per link, the numbers being proportional to the relative
   speeds of the links.

   PPP multilink fragments are encapsulated using the protocol
   identifier 0x00-0x3d.  Following the protocol identifier is a four
   byte header containing a sequence number, and two one bit fields
   indicating that the fragment begins a packet or terminates a packet.
   After negotiation of an additional PPP LCP option, the four byte
   header may be optionally replaced by a two byte header with only a 12
   bit sequence space.  Address & Control and Protocol ID compression
   are assumed to be in effect.  Individual fragments will, therefore,
   have the following format:

             Figure 2:  Long Sequence Number Fragment Format.


                +---------------+---------------+
   PPP Header:  | Address 0xff  | Control 0x03  |
                +---------------+---------------+
                | PID(H)  0x00  | PID(L)  0x3d  |
                +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+---------------+
   MP Header:   |B|E|0|0|0|0|0|0|sequence number|
                +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+---------------+
                |      sequence number (L)      |
                +---------------+---------------+
                |        fragment data          |
                |               .               |
                |               .               |
                |               .               |
                +---------------+---------------+
   PPP FCS:     |              FCS              |
                +---------------+---------------+












Sklower, et. al.            Standards Track                     [Page 8]

RFC 1990                     PPP Multilink                   August 1996


             Figure 3:  Short Sequence Number Fragment Format.


                +---------------+---------------+
   PPP Header:  | Address 0xff  | Control 0x03  |
                +---------------+---------------+
                | PID(H)  0x00  | PID(L)  0x3d  |
                +-+-+-+-+-------+---------------+
   MP Header:   |B|E|0|0|    sequence number    |
                +-+-+-+-+-------+---------------+
                |    fragment data              |
                |               .               |
                |               .               |
                |               .               |
                +---------------+---------------+
   PPP FCS:     |              FCS              |
                +---------------+---------------+

   The (B)eginning fragment bit is a one bit field set to 1 on the first
   fragment derived from a PPP packet and set to 0 for all other
   fragments from the same PPP packet.

   The (E)nding fragment bit is a one bit field set to 1 on the last
   fragment and set to 0 for all other fragments.  A fragment may have
   both the (B)eginning and (E)nding fragment bits set to 1.

   The sequence field is a 24 bit or 12 bit number that is incremented
   for every fragment transmitted.  By default, the sequence field is 24
   bits long, but can be negotiated to be only 12 bits with an LCP
   configuration option described below.

   Between the (E)nding fragment bit and the sequence number is a
   reserved field, whose use is not currently defined, which MUST be set
   to zero.  It is 2 bits long when the use of short sequence numbers
   has been negotiated, 6 bits otherwise.

   In this multilink protocol, a single reassembly structure is
   associated with the bundle.  The multilink headers are interpreted in
   the context of this structure.

   The FCS field shown in the diagram is inherited from the normal
   framing mechanism from the member link on which the packet is
   transmitted.  There is no separate FCS applied to the reconstituted
   packet as a whole if transmitted in more than one fragment.







Sklower, et. al.            Standards Track                     [Page 9]

RFC 1990                     PPP Multilink                   August 1996


3.1.  Padding Considerations

   Systems that support the multilink protocol SHOULD implement Self-
   Describing-Padding.  A system that implements self-describing-padding
   by definition will either include the padding option in its initial
   LCP Configure-Requests, or (to avoid the delay of a Configure-Reject)
   include the padding option after receiving a NAK containing the
   option.

   A system that must pad its own transmissions but does not use Self-
   Describing-Padding when not using multilink, MAY continue to not use
   Self-Describing-Padding if it ensures by careful choice of fragment
   lengths that only (E)nding fragments of packets are padded.  A system
   MUST NOT add padding to any packet that cannot be recognized as
   padded by the peer.  Non-terminal fragments MUST NOT be padded with
   trailing material by any other method than Self-Describing-Padding.

   A system MUST ensure that Self-Describing-Padding as described in RFC
   1570 [11] is negotiated on the individual link before transmitting
   any multilink data packets if it might pad non-terminal fragments or
   if it would use network or compression protocols that are vulnerable
   to padding, as described in RFC 1570.  If necessary, the system that
   adds padding MUST use LCP Configure-NAK's to elicit a Configure-
   Request for Self-Describing-Padding from the peer.

   Note that LCP Configure-Requests can be sent at any time on any link,
   and that the peer will always respond with a Configure-Request of its
   own.  A system that pads its transmissions but uses no protocols
   other than multilink that are vulnerable to padding MAY delay
   ensuring that the peer has Configure-Requested Self-Describing-
   Padding until it seems desireable to negotiate the use of Multilink
   itself.  This permits the interoperability of a system that pads with
   older peers that support neither Multilink nor Self-Describing-
   Padding.

4.  Trading Buffer Space Against Fragment Loss

   In a multilink procedure one channel may be delayed with respect to
   the other channels in the bundle.  This can lead to fragments being
   received out of order, thus increasing the difficulty in detecting
   the loss of a fragment.  The task of estimating the amount of space
   required for buffering on the receiver becomes more complex because
   of this.  In this section we discuss a technique for declaring that a
   fragment is lost, with the intent of minimizing the buffer space
   required, yet minimizing the number of avoidable packet losses.






Sklower, et. al.            Standards Track                    [Page 10]

RFC 1990                     PPP Multilink                   August 1996


4.1.  Detecting Fragment Loss

   On each member link in a bundle, the sender MUST transmit fragments
   with strictly increasing sequence numbers (modulo the size of the
   sequence space).  This requirement supports a strategy for the
   receiver to detect lost fragments based on comparing sequence
   numbers.  The sequence number is not reset upon each new PPP packet,
   and a sequence number is consumed even for those fragments which
   contain an entire PPP packet, i.e., one in which both the (B)eginning
   and (E)nding bits are set.

   An implementation MUST set the sequence number of the first fragment
   transmited on a newly-constructed bundle to zero.  (Joining a
   secondary link to an exisiting bundle is invisible to the protocol,
   and an implementation MUST NOT reset the sequence number space in
   this situation).

   The receiver keeps track of the incoming sequence numbers on each
   link in a bundle and maintains the current minimum of the most
   recently received sequence number over all the member links in the
   bundle (call this M).  The receiver detects the end of a packet when
   it receives a fragment bearing the (E)nding bit.  Reassembly of the
   packet is complete if all sequence numbers up to that fragment have
   been received.

   A lost fragment is detected when M advances past the sequence number
   of a fragment bearing an (E)nding bit of a packet which has not been
   completely reassembled (i.e., not all the sequence numbers between
   the fragment bearing the (B)eginning bit and the fragment bearing the
   (E)nding bit have been received).  This is because of the increasing
   sequence number rule over the bundle.  Any sequence number so
   detected is assumed to correspond to a fragment which has been lost.

   An implementation MUST assume that if a fragment bears a (B)eginning
   bit, that the previously numbered fragment bore an (E)nding bit.
   Thus if a packet is lost bearing the (E)nding bit, and the packet
   whose fragment number is M contains a (B)eginning bit, the
   implementation MUST discard fragments for all unassembled packets
   through M-1, but SHOULD NOT discard the fragment bearing the new
   (B)eginning bit on this basis alone.

   The detection of a lost fragment, whose sequence number was deduced
   to be U, causes the receiver to discard all fragments up to the
   lowest numbered fragment with an ending bit (possibly deduced)
   greater than or equal to U.  However, the quantity M may jump into
   the middle of a chain of packets which can be successful completed.





Sklower, et. al.            Standards Track                    [Page 11]

RFC 1990                     PPP Multilink                   August 1996


   Fragments may be lost due to corruption of individual packets or
   catastrophic loss of the link (which may occur only in one
   direction).  This version of the multilink protocol mandates no
   specific procedures for the detection of failed links.  The PPP link
   quality management facility, or the periodic issuance of LCP echo-
   requests could be used to achieve this.

   Senders SHOULD avoid keeping any member links idle to maximize early
   detection of lost fragments by the receiver, since the value of M is
   not incremented on idle links.  Senders SHOULD rotate traffic among
   the member links if there isn't sufficient traffic to overflow the
   capacity of one link to avoid idle links.

   Loss of the final fragment of a transmission can cause the receiver
   to stall until new packets arrive.  The likelihood of this may be
   decreased by sending a null fragment on each member link in a bundle
   that would otherwise become idle immediately after having transmitted
   a fragment bearing the (E)nding bit, where a null fragment is one
   consisting only of a multilink header bearing both the (B)egin and
   (E)nding bits (i.e., having no payload).  Implementations concerned
   about either wasting bandwidth or per packet costs are not required
   to send null fragments and may elect to defer sending them until a
   timer expires, with the marginally increased possibility of lengthier
   stalls in the receiver.  The receiver SHOULD implement some type of
   link idle timer to guard against indefinite stalls.

   The increasing sequence per link rule prohibits the reallocation of
   fragments queued up behind a failing link to a working one, a
   practice which is not unusual for implementations of ISO multilink
   over LAPB [4].

4.2.  Buffer Space Requirements

   There is no amount of buffering that will guarantee correct detection
   of fragment loss, since an adversarial peer may withhold a fragment
   on one channel and send arbitrary amounts on the others.  For the
   usual case where all channels are transmitting, you can show that
   there is a minimum amount below which you could not correctly detect
   packet loss.  The amount depends on the relative delay between the
   channels, (D[channel-i,channel-j]), the data rate of each channel,
   R[c], the maximum fragment size permitted on each channel, F[c], and
   the total amount of buffering the transmitter has allocated amongst
   the channels.

   When using PPP, the delay between channels could be estimated by
   using LCP echo request and echo reply packets.  (In the case of links
   of different transmission rates, the round trip times should be
   adjusted to take this into account.)  The slippage for each channel



Sklower, et. al.            Standards Track                    [Page 12]