ncurses-programming-howto.html

ncurses 库 可能有用酒用 没用就算了 我觉得还可以用

<dt>20.4. <a href="#QUEENS">Queens Puzzle</a></dt>
<dt>20.5. <a href="#SHUFFLE">Shuffle</a></dt>
<dt>20.6. <a href="#TT">Typing Tutor</a></dt>
</dl>
</dd>
<dt>21. <a href="#REF">References</a></dt>
</dl>
</div>
<div class="SECT1">
<h2 class="SECT1"><a name="INTRO" id="INTRO">1.
Introduction</a></h2>
<p>In the olden days of teletype terminals, terminals were away
from computers and were connected to them through serial cables.
The terminals could be configured by sending a series of bytes. All
the capabilities (such as moving the cursor to a new location,
erasing part of the screen, scrolling the screen, changing modes
etc.) of terminals could be accessed through these series of bytes.
These control seeuqnces are usually called escape sequences,
because they start with an escape(0x1B) character. Even today, with
proper emulation, we can send escape sequences to the emulator and
achieve the same effect on a terminal window.</p>
<p>Suppose you wanted to print a line in color. Try typing this on
your console.</p>
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
<font color="#000000">echo "^[[0;31;40mIn Color"</font>
</pre></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The first character is an escape character, which looks like two
characters ^ and [. To be able to print it, you have to press
CTRL+V and then the ESC key. All the others are normal printable
characters. You should be able to see the string "In Color" in red.
It stays that way and to revert back to the original mode type
this.</p>
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
<font color="#000000">echo "^[[0;37;40m"</font>
</pre></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>Now, what do these magic characters mean? Difficult to
comprehend? They might even be different for different terminals.
So the designers of UNIX invented a mechanism named <var class=
"LITERAL">termcap</var>. It is a file that lists all the
capabilities of a particular terminal, along with the escape
sequences needed to achieve a particular effect. In the later
years, this was replaced by <var class="LITERAL">terminfo</var>.
Without delving too much into details, this mechanism allows
application programs to query the terminfo database and obtain the
control characters to be sent to a terminal or terminal
emulator.</p>
<div class="SECT2">
<hr>
<h3 class="SECT2"><a name="WHATIS" id="WHATIS">1.1. What is
NCURSES?</a></h3>
<p>You might be wondering, what the import of all this technical
gibberish is. In the above scenario, every application program is
supposed to query the terminfo and perform the necessary stuff
(sending control characters etc.). It soon became difficult to
manage this complexity and this gave birth to 'CURSES'. Curses is a
pun on the name "cursor optimization". The Curses library forms a
wrapper over working with raw terminal codes, and provides highly
flexible and efficient API (Application Programming Interface). It
provides functions to move the cursor, create windows, produce
colors, play with mouse etc. The application programs need not
worry about the underlying terminal capabilities.</p>
<p>So what is NCURSES? NCURSES is a clone of the original System V
Release 4.0 (SVr4) curses. It is a freely distributable library,
fully compatible with older version of curses. In short, it is a
library of functions that manages an application's display on
character-cell terminals. In the remainder of the document, the
terms curses and ncurses are used interchangeably.</p>
<p>A detailed history of NCURSES can be found in the NEWS file from
the source distribution. The current package is maintained by
<a href="mailto:[e-mail]" target="_top">Thomas Dickey</a>.
You can contact the maintainers at <a href=
"mailto:[e-mail]" target=
"_top">[e-mail]</a>.</p>
</div>
<div class="SECT2">
<hr>
<h3 class="SECT2"><a name="WHATCANWEDO" id="WHATCANWEDO">1.2. What
we can do with NCURSES</a></h3>
<p>NCURSES not only creates a wrapper over terminal capabilities,
but also gives a robust framework to create nice looking UI (User
Interface)s in text mode. It provides functions to create windows
etc. Its sister libraries panel, menu and form provide an extension
to the basic curses library. These libraries usually come along
with curses. One can create applications that contain multiple
windows, menus, panels and forms. Windows can be managed
independently, can provide 'scrollability' and even can be
hidden.</p>
<p>Menus provide the user with an easy command selection option.
Forms allow the creation of easy-to-use data entry and display
windows. Panels extend the capabilities of ncurses to deal with
overlapping and stacked windows.</p>
<p>These are just some of the basic things we can do with ncurses.
As we move along, We will see all the capabilities of these
libraries.</p>
</div>
<div class="SECT2">
<hr>
<h3 class="SECT2"><a name="WHERETOGETIT" id="WHERETOGETIT">1.3.
Where to get it</a></h3>
<p>All right, now that you know what you can do with ncurses, you
must be rearing to get started. NCURSES is usually shipped with
your installation. In case you don't have the library or want to
compile it on your own, read on.</p>
<p><em>Compiling the package</em></p>
<p>NCURSES can be obtained from <a href=
"ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ncurses/ncurses.tar.gz" target=
"_top">ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/ncurses/ncurses.tar.gz</a> or any
of the ftp sites mentioned in <a href=
"http://www.gnu.org/order/ftp.html" target=
"_top">http://www.gnu.org/order/ftp.html</a>.</p>
<p>Read the README and INSTALL files for details on to how to
install it. It usually involves the following operations.</p>
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
<font color=
"#000000">    tar zxvf ncurses&lt;version&gt;.tar.gz  # unzip and untar the archive
    cd ncurses&lt;version&gt;               # cd to the directory
    ./configure                             # configure the build according to your 
                                            # environment
    make                                    # make it
    su root                                 # become root
    make install                            # install it</font>
</pre></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p><em>Using the RPM</em></p>
<p>NCURSES RPM can be found and downloaded from <a href=
"http://rpmfind.net" target="_top">http://rpmfind.net</a> . The RPM
can be installed with the following command after becoming
root.</p>
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
<font color="#000000">    rpm -i &lt;downloaded rpm&gt;</font>
</pre></td>
</tr>
</table>
</div>
<div class="SECT2">
<hr>
<h3 class="SECT2"><a name="PURPOSE" id="PURPOSE">1.4. Purpose/Scope
of the document</a></h3>
<p>This document is intended to be a "All in One" guide for
programming with ncurses and its sister libraries. We graduate from
a simple "Hello World" program to more complex form manipulation.
No prior experience in ncurses is assumed. The writing is informal,
but a lot of detail is provided for each of the examples.</p>
</div>
<div class="SECT2">
<hr>
<h3 class="SECT2"><a name="ABOUTPROGRAMS" id="ABOUTPROGRAMS">1.5.
About the Programs</a></h3>
<p>All the programs in the document are available in zipped form
<a href=
"http://www.tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/ncurses_programs.tar.gz"
target="_top">here</a>. Unzip and untar it. The directory structure
looks like this.</p>
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
<font color="#000000">ncurses
   |
   |----&gt; JustForFun     -- just for fun programs
   |----&gt; basics         -- basic programs
   |----&gt; demo           -- output files go into this directory after make
   |          |
   |          |----&gt; exe -- exe files of all example programs
   |----&gt; forms          -- programs related to form library
   |----&gt; menus          -- programs related to menus library
   |----&gt; panels         -- programs related to panels library
   |----&gt; perl           -- perl equivalents of the examples (contributed
   |                            by Anuradha Ratnaweera)
   |----&gt; Makefile       -- the top level Makefile
   |----&gt; README         -- the top level README file. contains instructions
   |----&gt; COPYING        -- copyright notice</font>
</pre></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>The individual directories contain the following files.</p>
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
<font color="#000000">Description of files in each directory
--------------------------------------
JustForFun
    |
    |----&gt; hanoi.c   -- The Towers of Hanoi Solver
    |----&gt; life.c    -- The Game of Life demo
    |----&gt; magic.c   -- An Odd Order Magic Square builder 
    |----&gt; queens.c  -- The famous N-Queens Solver
    |----&gt; shuffle.c -- A fun game, if you have time to kill
    |----&gt; tt.c      -- A very trivial typing tutor

  basics
    |
    |----&gt; acs_vars.c            -- ACS_ variables example
    |----&gt; hello_world.c         -- Simple "Hello World" Program
    |----&gt; init_func_example.c   -- Initialization functions example
    |----&gt; key_code.c            -- Shows the scan code of the key pressed
    |----&gt; mouse_menu.c          -- A menu accessible by mouse
    |----&gt; other_border.c        -- Shows usage of other border functions apa
    |                               -- rt from box()
    |----&gt; printw_example.c      -- A very simple printw() example
    |----&gt; scanw_example.c       -- A very simple getstr() example
    |----&gt; simple_attr.c         -- A program that can print a c file with 
    |                               -- comments in attribute
    |----&gt; simple_color.c        -- A simple example demonstrating colors
    |----&gt; simple_key.c          -- A menu accessible with keyboard UP, DOWN 
    |                               -- arrows
    |----&gt; temp_leave.c          -- Demonstrates temporarily leaving curses mode
    |----&gt; win_border.c          -- Shows Creation of windows and borders
    |----&gt; with_chgat.c          -- chgat() usage example

  forms 
    |
    |----&gt; form_attrib.c     -- Usage of field attributes
    |----&gt; form_options.c    -- Usage of field options
    |----&gt; form_simple.c     -- A simple form example
    |----&gt; form_win.c        -- Demo of windows associated with forms

  menus 
    |
    |----&gt; menu_attrib.c     -- Usage of menu attributes
    |----&gt; menu_item_data.c  -- Usage of item_name() etc.. functions
    |----&gt; menu_multi_column.c    -- Creates multi columnar menus
    |----&gt; menu_scroll.c     -- Demonstrates scrolling capability of menus
    |----&gt; menu_simple.c     -- A simple menu accessed by arrow keys
    |----&gt; menu_toggle.c     -- Creates multi valued menus and explains
    |                           -- REQ_TOGGLE_ITEM
    |----&gt; menu_userptr.c    -- Usage of user pointer
    |----&gt; menu_win.c        -- Demo of windows associated with menus

  panels 
    |
    |----&gt; panel_browse.c    -- Panel browsing through tab. Usage of user 
    |                           -- pointer
    |----&gt; panel_hide.c      -- Hiding and Un hiding of panels
    |----&gt; panel_resize.c    -- Moving and resizing of panels
    |----&gt; panel_simple.c    -- A simple panel example

  perl
    |----&gt; 01-10.pl          -- Perl equivalents of first ten example programs</font>
</pre></td>
</tr>
</table>
<p>There is a top level Makefile included in the main directory. It
builds all the files and puts the ready-to-use exes in demo/exe
directory. You can also do selective make by going into the
corresponding directory. Each directory contains a README file
explaining the purpose of each c file in the directory.</p>
<p>For every example, I have included path name for the file
relative to the examples directory.</p>
<p>If you prefer browsing individual programs, point your browser
to <a href=
"http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/ncurses_programs/"
target=
"_top">http://tldp.org/HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO/ncurses_programs/</a></p>
<p>All the programs are released under the same license that is
used by ncurses (MIT-style). This gives you the ability to do
pretty much anything other than claiming them as yours. Feel free
to use them in your programs as appropriate.</p>
</div>
<div class="SECT2">
<hr>
<h3 class="SECT2"><a name="OTHERFORMATS" id="OTHERFORMATS">1.6.
Other Formats of the document</a></h3>
<p>This howto is also availabe in various other formats on the
tldp.org site. Here are the links to other formats of this
document.</p>
<div class="SECT3">
<hr>
<h4 class="SECT3"><a name="LISTFORMATS" id="LISTFORMATS">1.6.1.
Readily available formats from tldp.org</a></h4>
<ul>
<li>
<p><a href=
"http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/other-formats/pdf/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO.pdf"
target="_top">Acrobat PDF Format</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href=
"http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/other-formats/ps/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO.ps.gz"
target="_top">PostScript Format</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href=
"http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/other-formats/html/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO-html.tar.gz"
target="_top">In Multiple HTML pages</a></p>
</li>
<li>
<p><a href=
"http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/docs/HOWTO/other-formats/html_single/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO.html"
target="_top">In One big HTML format</a></p>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="SECT3">
<hr>
<h4 class="SECT3"><a name="BUILDSOURCE" id="BUILDSOURCE">1.6.2.
Building from source</a></h4>
<p>If above links are broken or if you want to experiment with sgml
read on.</p>
<table border="0" bgcolor="#E0E0E0" width="100%">
<tr>
<td>
<pre class="PROGRAMLISTING">
<font color=
"#000000">&#13;    Get both the source and the tar,gzipped programs, available at
        http://cvsview.tldp.org/index.cgi/LDP/howto/docbook/
        NCURSES-HOWTO/NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO.sgml
        http://cvsview.tldp.org/index.cgi/LDP/howto/docbook/
        NCURSES-HOWTO/ncurses_programs.tar.gz

    Unzip ncurses_programs.tar.gz with
    tar zxvf ncurses_programs.tar.gz

    Use jade to create various formats. For example if you just want to create
    the multiple html files, you would use
        jade -t sgml -i html -d &lt;path to docbook html stylesheet&gt;
        NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO.sgml
    to get pdf, first create a single html file of the HOWTO with 
        jade -t sgml -i html -d &lt;path to docbook html stylesheet&gt; -V nochunks
        NCURSES-Programming-HOWTO.sgml &gt; NCURSES-ONE-BIG-FILE.html