asia

PostgreSQL 8.1.4的源码 适用于Linux下的开源数据库系统

# IATA SSIM (1998-09) has Cyprus using EU rules for the first time.

# Classically, Cyprus belongs to Asia; e.g. see Herodotus, Histories, I.72.
# However, for various reasons many users expect to find it under Europe.
Link	Asia/Nicosia	Europe/Nicosia

# Georgia
# From Paul Eggert (1994-11-19):
# Today's _Economist_ (p 60) reports that Georgia moved its clocks forward
# an hour recently, due to a law proposed by Zurab Murvanidze,
# an MP who went on a hunger strike for 11 days to force discussion about it!
# We have no details, but we'll guess they didn't move the clocks back in fall.
#
# From Mathew Englander, quoting AP (1996-10-23 13:05-04):
# Instead of putting back clocks at the end of October, Georgia
# will stay on daylight savings time this winter to save energy,
# President Eduard Shevardnadze decreed Wednesday.
#
# From the BBC via Joseph S. Myers (2004-06-27):
#
# Georgia moved closer to Western Europe on Sunday...  The former Soviet
# republic has changed its time zone back to that of Moscow.  As a result it
# is now just four hours ahead of Greenwich Mean Time, rather than five hours
# ahead.  The switch was decreed by the pro-Western president of Georgia,
# Mikhail Saakashvili, who said the change was partly prompted by the process
# of integration into Europe.

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Tbilisi	2:59:16 -	LMT	1880
			2:59:16	-	TBMT	1924 May  2 # Tbilisi Mean Time
			3:00	-	TBIT	1957 Mar    # Tbilisi Time
			4:00 RussiaAsia TBI%sT	1991 Mar 31 2:00s
			3:00	1:00	TBIST	1991 Apr  9 # independence
			3:00 RussiaAsia GE%sT	1992 # Georgia Time
			3:00 E-EurAsia	GE%sT	1994 Sep lastSun
			4:00 E-EurAsia	GE%sT	1996 Oct lastSun
			4:00	1:00	GEST	1997 Mar lastSun
			4:00 E-EurAsia	GE%sT	2004 Jun 27
			3:00 RussiaAsia	GE%sT

# East Timor

# From Joao Carrascalao, brother of the former governor of East Timor, in
# <a href="http://etan.org/et99c/december/26-31/30ETMAY.htm">
# East Timor may be late for its millennium
# </a> (1999-12-26/31):
# Portugal tried to change the time forward in 1974 because the sun
# rises too early but the suggestion raised a lot of problems with the
# Timorese and I still don't think it would work today because it
# conflicts with their way of life.

# From Paul Eggert (2000-12-04):
# We don't have any record of the above attempt.
# Most likely our records are incomplete, but we have no better data.

# <a href="http://www.hri.org/news/world/undh/last/00-08-16.undh.html">
# From Manoel de Almeida e Silva, Deputy Spokesman for the UN Secretary-General
# (2000-08-16)</a>:
# The Cabinet of the East Timor Transition Administration decided
# today to advance East Timor's time by one hour.  The time change,
# which will be permanent, with no seasonal adjustment, will happen at
# midnight on Saturday, September 16.

# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Dili	8:22:20 -	LMT	1912
			8:00	-	TLT	1942 Feb 21 23:00 # E Timor Time
			9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug
			9:00	-	TLT	1976 May  3
			8:00	-	CIT	2000 Sep 17 00:00
			9:00	-	TLT

# India
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Calcutta	5:53:28 -	LMT	1880	# Kolkata
			5:53:20	-	HMT	1941 Oct    # Howrah Mean Time?
			6:30	-	BURT	1942 May 15 # Burma Time
			5:30	-	IST	1942 Sep
			5:30	1:00	IST	1945 Oct 15
			5:30	-	IST
# The following are like Asia/Calcutta:
#	Andaman Is
#	Lakshadweep (Laccadive, Minicoy and Amindivi Is)
#	Nicobar Is

# Indonesia
#
# From Gwillim Law (2001-05-28), overriding Shanks:
# <http://www.sumatera-inc.com/go_to_invest/about_indonesia.asp#standtime>
# says that Indonesia's time zones changed on 1988-01-01.  Looking at some
# time zone maps, I think that must refer to Western Borneo (Kalimantan Barat
# and Kalimantan Tengah) switching from UTC+8 to UTC+7.
#
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone Asia/Jakarta	7:07:12 -	LMT	1867 Aug 10
# Shanks says the next transition was at 1924 Jan 1 0:13,
# but this must be a typo.
			7:07:12	-	JMT	1923 Dec 31 23:47:12 # Jakarta
			7:20	-	JAVT	1932 Nov	 # Java Time
			7:30	-	WIT	1942 Mar 23
			9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug
			7:30	-	WIT	1948 May
			8:00	-	WIT	1950 May
			7:30	-	WIT	1964
			7:00	-	WIT
Zone Asia/Pontianak	7:17:20	-	LMT	1908 May
			7:17:20	-	PMT	1932 Nov    # Pontianak MT
			7:30	-	WIT	1942 Jan 29
			9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug
			7:30	-	WIT	1948 May
			8:00	-	WIT	1950 May
			7:30	-	WIT	1964
			8:00	-	CIT	1988 Jan  1
			7:00	-	WIT
Zone Asia/Makassar	7:57:36 -	LMT	1920
			7:57:36	-	MMT	1932 Nov    # Macassar MT
			8:00	-	CIT	1942 Feb  9
			9:00	-	JST	1945 Aug
			8:00	-	CIT
Zone Asia/Jayapura	9:22:48 -	LMT	1932 Nov
			9:00	-	EIT	1944
			9:30	-	CST	1964
			9:00	-	EIT

# Iran

# From Roozbeh Pournader (2003-03-15):
# This is an English translation of what I just found (originally in Persian).
# The Gregorian dates in brackets are mine:
#
#	Official Newspaper No. 13548-1370/6/25 [1991-09-16]
#	No. 16760/T233 H				1370/6/10 [1991-09-01]
#
#	The Rule About Change of the Official Time of the Country
#
#	The Board of Ministers, in the meeting dated 1370/5/23 [1991-08-14],
#	based on the suggestion number 2221/D dated 1370/4/22 [1991-07-13]
#	of the Country's Organization for Official and Employment Affairs,
#	and referring to the law for equating the working hours of workers
#	and officers in the whole country dated 1359/4/23 [1980-07-14], and
#	for synchronizing the official times of the country, agreed that:
#
#	The official time of the country will should move forward one hour
#	at the 24[:00] hours of the first day of Farvardin and should return
#	to its previous state at the 24[:00] hours of the 30th day of
#	Shahrivar.
#
#	First Deputy to the President - Hassan Habibi
#
# From personal experience, that agrees with what has been followed
# for at least the last 5 years.  Before that, for a few years, the
# date used was the first Thursday night of Farvardin and the last
# Thursday night of Shahrivar, but I can't give exact dates....
# I have also changed the abbreviations to what is considered correct
# here in Iran, IRST for regular time and IRDT for daylight saving time.
#
# From Roozbeh Pournader (2005-04-05):
# The text of the Iranian law, in effect since 1925, clearly mentions
# that the true solar year is the measure, and there is no arithmetic
# leap year calculation involved.  There has never been any serious
# plan to change that law....
#
# From Paul Eggert (2005-04-05):
# Go with Shanks before September 1991, and with Pournader thereafter.
# I used Ed Reingold's cal-persia in GNU Emacs 21.2 to check Persian dates,
# stopping after 2037 when 32-bit time_t's overflow.
# That cal-persia used Birashk's approximation, which disagrees with the solar
# calendar predictions for the year 2025, so I corrected those dates by hand.
#
# From Oscar van Vlijmen (2005-03-30), writing about future
# discrepancies between cal-persia and the Iranian calendar:
# For 2091 solar-longitude-after yields 2091-03-20 08:40:07.7 UT for
# the vernal equinox and that gets so close to 12:00 some local
# Iranian time that the definition of the correct location needs to be
# known exactly, amongst other factors.  2157 is even closer:
# 2157-03-20 08:37:15.5 UT.  But the Gregorian year 2025 should give
# no interpretation problem whatsoever.  By the way, another instant
# in the near future where there will be a discrepancy between
# arithmetical and astronomical Iranian calendars will be in 2058:
# vernal equinox on 2058-03-20 09:03:05.9 UT.  The Java version of
# Reingold's/Dershowitz' calculator gives correctly the Gregorian date
# 2058-03-21 for 1 Farvardin 1437 (astronomical).
#
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Iran	1978	1980	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iran	1978	only	-	Oct	21	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iran	1979	only	-	Sep	19	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iran	1980	only	-	Sep	23	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iran	1991	only	-	May	 3	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iran	1992	1995	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iran	1991	1995	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iran	1996	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iran	1997	1999	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iran	2000	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iran	2001	2003	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iran	2004	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iran	2005	2007	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iran	2005	2007	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iran	2008	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iran	2009	2011	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iran	2012	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iran	2013	2015	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iran	2016	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iran	2017	2019	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iran	2020	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iran	2021	2023	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iran	2021	2023	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iran	2024	only	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iran	2024	only	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iran	2025	2027	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iran	2025	2027	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iran	2028	2029	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iran	2028	2029	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iran	2030	2031	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iran	2030	2031	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iran	2032	2033	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iran	2032	2033	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iran	2034	2035	-	Mar	22	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iran	2034	2035	-	Sep	22	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iran	2036	2037	-	Mar	21	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iran	2036	2037	-	Sep	21	0:00	0	S
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Tehran	3:25:44	-	LMT	1916
			3:25:44	-	TMT	1946	# Tehran Mean Time
			3:30	-	IRST	1977 Nov
			4:00	Iran	IR%sT	1979
			3:30	Iran	IR%sT


# Iraq
#
# From Jonathan Lennox (2000-06-12):
# An article in this week's Economist ("Inside the Saddam-free zone", p. 50 in
# the U.S. edition) on the Iraqi Kurds contains a paragraph:
# "The three northern provinces ... switched their clocks this spring and
# are an hour ahead of Baghdad."
#
# But Rives McDow (2000-06-18) quotes a contact in Iraqi-Kurdistan as follows:
# In the past, some Kurdish nationalists, as a protest to the Iraqi
# Government, did not adhere to daylight saving time.  They referred
# to daylight saving as Saddam time.  But, as of today, the time zone
# in Iraqi-Kurdistan is on standard time with Baghdad, Iraq.
#
# So we'll ignore the Economist's claim.

# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Iraq	1982	only	-	May	1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iraq	1982	1984	-	Oct	1	0:00	0	S
Rule	Iraq	1983	only	-	Mar	31	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iraq	1984	1985	-	Apr	1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Iraq	1985	1990	-	Sep	lastSun	1:00s	0	S
Rule	Iraq	1986	1990	-	Mar	lastSun	1:00s	1:00	D
# IATA SSIM (1991/1996) says Apr 1 12:01am UTC; guess the `:01' is a typo.
# Shanks says Iraq did not observe DST 1992/1997 or 1999 on; ignore this.
Rule	Iraq	1991	max	-	Apr	 1	3:00s	1:00	D
Rule	Iraq	1991	max	-	Oct	 1	3:00s	0	S
# Zone	NAME		GMTOFF	RULES	FORMAT	[UNTIL]
Zone	Asia/Baghdad	2:57:40	-	LMT	1890
			2:57:36	-	BMT	1918	    # Baghdad Mean Time?
			3:00	-	AST	1982 May
			3:00	Iraq	A%sT


###############################################################################

# Israel

# From Ephraim Silverberg (2001-01-11):
#
# I coined "IST/IDT" circa 1988.  Until then there were three
# different abbreviations in use:
#
# JST  Jerusalem Standard Time [Danny Braniss, Hebrew University]
# IZT  Israel Zonal (sic) Time [Prof. Haim Papo, Technion]
# EEST Eastern Europe Standard Time [used by almost everyone else]
#
# Since timezones should be called by country and not capital cities,
# I ruled out JST.  As Israel is in Asia Minor and not Eastern Europe,
# EEST was equally unacceptable.  Since "zonal" was not compatible with
# any other timezone abbreviation, I felt that 'IST' was the way to go
# and, indeed, it has received almost universal acceptance in timezone
# settings in Israeli computers.
#
# In any case, I am happy to share timezone abbreviations with India,
# high on my favorite-country list (and not only because my wife's
# family is from India).

# From Shanks:
# Rule	NAME	FROM	TO	TYPE	IN	ON	AT	SAVE	LETTER/S
Rule	Zion	1940	only	-	Jun	 1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1942	1944	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	1943	only	-	Apr	 1	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1944	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1945	only	-	Apr	16	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1945	only	-	Nov	 1	2:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	1946	only	-	Apr	16	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1946	only	-	Nov	 1	0:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	1948	only	-	May	23	0:00	2:00	DD
Rule	Zion	1948	only	-	Sep	 1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1948	1949	-	Nov	 1	2:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	1949	only	-	May	 1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1950	only	-	Apr	16	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1950	only	-	Sep	15	3:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	1951	only	-	Apr	 1	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1951	only	-	Nov	11	3:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	1952	only	-	Apr	20	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1952	only	-	Oct	19	3:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	1953	only	-	Apr	12	2:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1953	only	-	Sep	13	3:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	1954	only	-	Jun	13	0:00	1:00	D
Rule	Zion	1954	only	-	Sep	12	0:00	0	S
Rule	Zion	1955	only	-	Jun	11	2:00	1:00	D