installation.sgml

PostgreSQL 8.1.4的源码 适用于Linux下的开源数据库系统

   This will create a directory
   <filename>postgresql-&version;</filename> under the current directory
   with the <productname>PostgreSQL</> sources.
   Change into that directory for the rest
   of the installation procedure.
  </para>
 </sect1>
]]>

 <sect1 id="install-upgrading">
  <title>If You Are Upgrading</title>

  <indexterm zone="install-upgrading">
   <primary>upgrading</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <para>
   The internal data storage format changes with new releases of
   <productname>PostgreSQL</>. Therefore, if you are upgrading an
   existing installation that does not have a version number
   <quote>&majorversion;.x</quote>, you must back up and restore your
   data as shown here. These instructions assume that your existing
   installation is under the <filename>/usr/local/pgsql</> directory,
   and that the data area is in <filename>/usr/local/pgsql/data</>.
   Substitute your paths appropriately.
  </para>

  <procedure>
   <step>
    <para>
     Make sure that your database is not updated during or after the
     backup. This does not affect the integrity of the backup, but the
     changed data would of course not be included. If necessary, edit
     the permissions in the file
     <filename>/usr/local/pgsql/data/pg_hba.conf</> (or equivalent) to
     disallow access from everyone except you.
    </para>
   </step>

   <step>
    <para>
     <indexterm>
      <primary>pg_dumpall</primary>
      <secondary>use during upgrade</secondary>
     </indexterm>

     To back up your database installation, type:
<screen>
<userinput>pg_dumpall &gt; <replaceable>outputfile</></userinput>
</screen>
     If you need to preserve OIDs (such as when using them as
     foreign keys), then use the <option>-o</option> option when running
     <application>pg_dumpall</>.
    </para>

    <para>
     To make the backup, you can use the <application>pg_dumpall</application>
     command from the version you are currently running.  For best
     results, however, try to use the <application>pg_dumpall</application>
     command from <productname>PostgreSQL</productname> &version;,
     since this version contains bug fixes and improvements over older
     versions.  While this advice might seem idiosyncratic since you
     haven't installed the new version yet, it is advisable to follow
     it if you plan to install the new version in parallel with the
     old version.  In that case you can complete the installation
     normally and transfer the data later.  This will also decrease
     the downtime.
    </para>
   </step>

   <step>
    <para>
     If you are installing the new version at the same location as the
     old one then shut down the old server, at the latest before you
     install the new files:
<screen>
<userinput>pg_ctl stop</>
</screen>
     On systems that have <productname>PostgreSQL</> started at boot time,
     there is probably a start-up file that will accomplish the same thing. For
     example, on a <systemitem class="osname">Red Hat Linux</> system one
     might find that
<screen>
<userinput>/etc/rc.d/init.d/postgresql stop</userinput>
</screen>
     works.
    </para>

    <para>
     Very old versions might not have <application>pg_ctl</>.  If you
     can't find it or it doesn't work, find out the process ID of the
     old server, for example by typing
<screen>
<userinput>ps ax | grep postmaster</userinput>
</screen>
     and signal it to stop this way:
<screen>
<userinput>kill -INT <replaceable>processID</></userinput>
</screen>
    </para>
   </step>

   <step>
    <para>
     If you are installing in the same place as the old version then
     it is also a good idea to move the old installation out of the
     way, in case you have trouble and need to revert to it.
     Use a command like this:
<screen>
<userinput>mv /usr/local/pgsql /usr/local/pgsql.old</>
</screen>
    </para>
   </step>
  </procedure>

  <para>
   After you have installed <productname>PostgreSQL</> &version;, create a new database
   directory and start the new server. Remember that you must execute
   these commands while logged in to the special database user account
   (which you already have if you are upgrading).
<programlisting>
<userinput>/usr/local/pgsql/bin/initdb -D /usr/local/pgsql/data</>
<userinput>/usr/local/pgsql/bin/postmaster -D /usr/local/pgsql/data</>
</programlisting>
   Finally, restore your data with
<screen>
<userinput>/usr/local/pgsql/bin/psql -d postgres -f <replaceable>outputfile</></userinput>
</screen>
   using the <emphasis>new</> <application>psql</>.
  </para>

  <para>
   Further discussion appears in
   <![%standalone-include[the documentation,]]>
   <![%standalone-ignore[<xref linkend="migration">,]]>
   which you are encouraged to read in any case.
  </para>
 </sect1>


 <sect1 id="install-procedure">
  <title>Installation Procedure</title>

  <procedure>

  <step id="configure">
   <title>Configuration</>

   <indexterm zone="configure">
    <primary>configure</primary>
   </indexterm>

   <para>
    The first step of the installation procedure is to configure the
    source tree for your system and choose the options you would like.
    This is done by running the <filename>configure</> script. For a
    default installation simply enter
<screen>
<userinput>./configure</userinput>
</screen>
    This script will run a number of tests to guess values for various
    system dependent variables and detect some quirks of your
    operating system, and finally will create several files in the
    build tree to record what it found.  (You can also run
    <filename>configure</filename> in a directory outside the source
    tree if you want to keep the build directory separate.)
   </para>

   <para>
    The default configuration will build the server and utilities, as
    well as all client applications and interfaces that require only a
    C compiler. All files will be installed under
    <filename>/usr/local/pgsql</> by default.
   </para>

   <para>
    You can customize the build and installation process by supplying one
    or more of the following command line options to
    <filename>configure</filename>:

     <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--prefix=<replaceable>PREFIX</></option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Install all files under the directory <replaceable>PREFIX</>
         instead of <filename>/usr/local/pgsql</filename>. The actual
         files will be installed into various subdirectories; no files
         will ever be installed directly into the
         <replaceable>PREFIX</> directory.
        </para>

        <para>
         If you have special needs, you can also customize the
         individual subdirectories with the following options. However,
         if you leave these with their defaults, the installation will be
         relocatable, meaning you can move the directory after
         installation. (The <literal>man</> and <literal>doc</>
         locations are not affected by this.)
        </para>

        <para>
         For relocatable installs, you might want to use 
         <filename>configure</filename>'s <literal>--disable-rpath</>
         option.  Also, you will need to tell the operating system how
         to find the shared libraries.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--exec-prefix=<replaceable>EXEC-PREFIX</></option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         You can install architecture-dependent files under a
         different prefix, <replaceable>EXEC-PREFIX</>, than what
         <replaceable>PREFIX</> was set to. This can be useful to
         share architecture-independent files between hosts. If you
         omit this, then <replaceable>EXEC-PREFIX</> is set equal to
         <replaceable>PREFIX</> and both architecture-dependent and
         independent files will be installed under the same tree,
         which is probably what you want.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--bindir=<replaceable>DIRECTORY</></option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Specifies the directory for executable programs. The default
         is <filename><replaceable>EXEC-PREFIX</>/bin</>, which
         normally means <filename>/usr/local/pgsql/bin</>.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--datadir=<replaceable>DIRECTORY</></option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Sets the directory for read-only data files used by the
         installed programs. The default is
         <filename><replaceable>PREFIX</>/share</>. Note that this has
         nothing to do with where your database files will be placed.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--sysconfdir=<replaceable>DIRECTORY</></option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         The directory for various configuration files,
         <filename><replaceable>PREFIX</>/etc</> by default.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--libdir=<replaceable>DIRECTORY</></option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         The location to install libraries and dynamically loadable
         modules. The default is
         <filename><replaceable>EXEC-PREFIX</>/lib</>.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--includedir=<replaceable>DIRECTORY</></option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         The directory for installing C and C++ header files. The
         default is <filename><replaceable>PREFIX</>/include</>.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--mandir=<replaceable>DIRECTORY</></option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         The man pages that come with <productname>PostgreSQL</> will be installed under
         this directory, in their respective
         <filename>man<replaceable>x</></> subdirectories.
         The default is <filename><replaceable>PREFIX</>/man</>.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--with-docdir=<replaceable>DIRECTORY</></option></term>
       <term><option>--without-docdir</option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Documentation files, except <quote>man</> pages, will be
         installed into this directory. The default is
         <filename><replaceable>PREFIX</>/doc</>.  If the option
         <option>--without-docdir</option> is specified, the
         documentation will not be installed by <command>make
         install</command>.  This is intended for packaging scripts
         that have special methods for installing documentation.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
     </variablelist>

     <note>
      <para>
       Care has been taken to make it possible to install
       <productname>PostgreSQL</> into shared installation locations
       (such as <filename>/usr/local/include</filename>) without
       interfering with the namespace of the rest of the system. First,
       the string <quote><literal>/postgresql</literal></quote> is
       automatically appended to <varname>datadir</varname>,
       <varname>sysconfdir</varname>, and <varname>docdir</varname>,
       unless the fully expanded directory name already contains the
       string <quote><literal>postgres</></quote> or
       <quote><literal>pgsql</></quote>. For example, if you choose
       <filename>/usr/local</filename> as prefix, the documentation will
       be installed in <filename>/usr/local/doc/postgresql</filename>,
       but if the prefix is <filename>/opt/postgres</filename>, then it
       will be in <filename>/opt/postgres/doc</filename>. The public C
       header files of the client interfaces are installed into
       <varname>includedir</varname> and are namespace-clean. The
       internal header files and the server header files are installed
       into private directories under <varname>includedir</varname>. See
       the documentation of each interface for information about how to
       get at the its header files. Finally, a private subdirectory will
       also be created, if appropriate, under <varname>libdir</varname>
       for dynamically loadable modules.
      </para>
     </note>
    </para>

    <para>
     <variablelist>
      <varlistentry>
       <term><option>--with-includes=<replaceable>DIRECTORIES</></option></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
         <replaceable>DIRECTORIES</> is a colon-separated list of
         directories that will be added to the list the compiler
         searches for header files. If you have optional packages
         (such as GNU <application>Readline</>) installed in a non-standard
         location,
         you have to use this option and probably also the corresponding
         <option>--with-libraries</> option.
        </para>