preface.html

ADI 公司blackfin系列的用户使用文挡。

<p>
Analog Devices, Inc. <br/>
 One Technology Way <br/>
 P.O. Box 9106 <br/>
 Norwood, MA 02062-9106 <br/>
 USA
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<h3><a name="notation_conventions" id="notation_conventions">Notation Conventions</a></h3>
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<p>
The following notation conventions are used throughout this document. When you are editing this document, please refer to this section, to see how things should be formatted. 
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<ul>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> To denote the level or skill required to read a page : <strong>Difficulty</strong>:  </div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> a path, filename, and/or directory should be in a fixed point font: <code>./path/filename</code></div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> a command to be entered, should be in a bold, fixed point font : <code><strong>command</strong></code></div>
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<li class="level1"><div class="li"> a menu selection, buttons, and other types of selections will have arrows indicating how to navigate: <em><strong>Menu &rarr; Sub-Menu &rarr; Selection</strong></em></div>
</li>
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<p>
 Lists of terms and definitions<code>term1</code><code>term2</code><strong>note</strong> <strong>tip</strong> <strong>warning</strong> <strong>important</strong>
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<p>
<strong>ls</strong>
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<p>
 <strong>whoami</strong>
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<strong>whoami</strong>
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<p>
This is a source snippet, for example purposes, taken from <code>./uClinux-dist/user/blkfin-test/dpmc-test/to_hibernate</code>
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<h3><a name="getting_started" id="getting_started">Getting Started</a></h3>
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<p>
For those who do not like reading manuals this section will help you quickly get started using your Blackfin hardware.  First ensure you have the following: 
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<ul>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> <strong>Target hardware.</strong>  This can be a STAMP board or another Blackfin development platform; however, this document focuses on the STAMP board.  If you are using a development platform other than the STAMP board you may require additional hardware.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> <strong>Host computer system.</strong>  This can be a Linux based system or a Windows based system.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> <strong>A link between the host and the target.</strong>  A serial connection between the target platform and the host computer is required.  An Ethernet connection between the host computer and the target hardware is recommended but not required.</div>
</li>
</ul>

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<p>
Once you have the above components, start by downloading and compiling the Blackfin tool chain on the host computer.  See <a href="installing_the_blackfin_tool_chain.html" class="wikilink1" title="installing_the_blackfin_tool_chain.html">Installing the Blackfin Tool Chain</a> for more information. 
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<p>
After installing the tool chain, download the uClinux kernel.  Once the kernel has been downloaded it must be compiled into a memory image. For more information on downloading and compiling the kernel see <a href="basic_compilation.html" class="wikilink1" title="basic_compilation.html">Basic Compilation</a>.  Alternately a pre-compiled version of the kernel may be used.  Some pre-built kernel memory images are available from the U-Boot project at: <a href="http://blackfin.uclinux.org/projects/uboot533" class="urlextern" title="http://blackfin.uclinux.org/projects/uboot533"  rel="nofollow">http://blackfin.uclinux.org/projects/uboot533</a>, look under the <em>Files</em> tab.
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<p>
Once you have built a kernel memory image or downloaded a pre-built image you must now load it onto the development board.  Connect a serial cable between the target board and your host computer.  Setup a terminal program like <em><strong>minicom</strong></em> or <em><strong>kermit</strong></em> or <em><strong>hyperterminal</strong></em> on the host computer.  See <a href="terminal_programs.html" class="wikilink1" title="terminal_programs.html">Terminal Programs</a> for more information.  Also, if you will be using an Ethernet connection connect the development board to the network now.  Alternately an Ethernet connection may be established by connecting a cross-over cable (crossed Tx and Rx lines) directly between the host computer and the target. If your host is a Microsoft windows based PC, then you should read and follow the directions at <a href="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/q239924" class="urlextern" title="http://support.microsoft.com/kb/q239924"  rel="nofollow">http://support.microsoft.com/kb/q239924</a>, to eliminate any issues you may encounter.
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<p>
Next, with your terminal program running, power up the development board.  The U-Boot start up messages should now be displayed in the terminal program.  Stop the autoboot count down by pressing any key.  Now U-Boot can be used to load and boot the uClinux kernel memory image you just compiled.  This can be done via an Ethernet connection or the serial connection.  If an Ethernet connection is used you must first set up a DHCP and/or a TFTP server on the host computer.  For more information on using U-Boot with a TFTP server see <a href="setting_up_a_tftp_server.html" class="wikilink1" title="setting_up_a_tftp_server.html">Setting up a TFTP Server</a>.  For more information on using U-Boot with a DHCP/TFTP server see <a href="setting_up_a_dhcp_server.html" class="wikilink1" title="setting_up_a_dhcp_server.html">Setting up a DHCP Server</a>.  For more information on using U-Boot with the serial port see <a href="loading_dxes_via_the_serial_port.html" class="wikilink1" title="loading_dxes_via_the_serial_port.html">Loading Files via the Serial Port</a>.
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<p>
Once U-Boot has loaded the uClinux kernel image you should see the uClinux startup messages in the terminal program.  If you are presented with a login prompt enter <em><strong>root</strong></em> for the username and <em><strong>uClinux</strong></em> for the password.  uClinux is now running on your development platform.
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<h3><a name="note_to_the_instructor_of_a_class_or_course" id="note_to_the_instructor_of_a_class_or_course">Note to the Instructor of a Class or Course</a></h3>
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<p>
As a  training course the book provides sufficient material for approximately a full semester course (36 hours of instruction with 10 hours of labs) on either uClinux Operating Systems, Hardware Design for Embedded Systems, or Digital Signal Processing in Embedded Systems. Since it is unlikely that one class will cover all the materials, it is up to the instructor to determine the appropriate sections.
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<p>
The time required depends on the participant&rsquo;s familiarity with Linux and the C programming Language. It is suggested that as many of the Activities/Exercises be completed as possible. It would be best if each student had an individual setup consisting of a Linux workstation and the STAMP target hardware. That target is pre-assembled and includes: 
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<ul>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> the STAMP board resident with uClinux </div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> a RJ-45 female Ethernet connector (on the STAMP) with an appropriate RJ-45 crossover cable</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> a RS232 female DB9 serial connector (on the STAMP) with an appropriate serial cable</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> a world wide power adapter which plugs into a power connector on the STAMP</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> 3 leds and 3 switches providing basic I/O for the system.</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> Various daughter cards for real world connectivity</div>
</li>
</ul>

<p>
 The Ethernet and parallel cables chosen are based on the assumption that the Linux workstation has the somewhat typical connectors i.e.
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<ul>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> an available serial port with a DB9 male connector (or USB with USB to Serial Converter)</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> an Ethernet port with an RJ-45 female connector</div>
</li>
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<p>
 It is also assumed that the Linux workstation has an Internet connection with access to anonymous <acronym title="Concurrent Versions System">CVS</acronym> to pull down the latest sources of the project for the platform. Further, to fully explore the capabilities, an extra/spare partition is needed. As in any training course,  time  is  of  the  essence  and  problems  with  the  initial  hardware/software configuration can be disastrous when their resolution is time consuming. Perhaps the most common pitfalls here would be  
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<ul>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> the Linux workstation is not local network ready and cannot connect easily to the target [Note: it must have NSF server support configured]</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> the Linux workstation has connectors which are not compatible with the  cables provided</div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> there are problems with the version of minicom or Kermit on the Linux workstation </div>
</li>
</ul>

<p>
 Hence the instructor not only needs familiarity with the course material, but also  needs to be confident that the training site is ready to go. 
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<p>
The typical academic course might also add a project exploiting other capabilities of the STAMP/uClinux combination.  Ideas for such projects abound on the Internet and a very realistic approach could require the students to search forums for ideas and then make a formal proposal to the instructor. Alternatively, the instructor could take a lead role on project selection, particularly useful if there are hardware purchases involved (e.g. LCD panel with support hardware) and budget constraints to obey. 
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<p>
The chapters are intended to be covered in sequence with none skipped, except the first and only if the students are familiar with Linux. The activities/exercises are generally relatively easy, and can be supplemented by material intended as preparation for an added project.
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<h3><a name="note_to_the_students" id="note_to_the_students">Note to the Students</a></h3>
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<p>
You are aware of all the hype that surrounds Linux. The interesting thing about this phenomenon is that most of the hype is generated by enthusiastic users, rather than by the marketing departments of large corporations - although they have discovered the bandwagon. User enthusiasm arises because the system is powerful, usable, and because of its open source nature. The source is not only available, but individual users can get involved at whatever level is appropriate - even to the point of becoming kernel developers. In this course, we explore Linux in the embedded systems world. It is most useful that Linux can be tailored to fit such targets. There is rising opinion that we are entering the &lsquo;post PC&rsquo; era of personal, small embedded devices and that embedded Linux will play a central role. You are perhaps fortunate to have an opportunity to get involved in the early days of this new era.
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<p>
This  course  introduces  you  to  embedded  Linux  on  a  particular  platform,  the STAMP system. Nevertheless, most of what you will learn can be generalized beyond the hardware specifics. 
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<ul>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> If you are already an embedded developer, then your interest is in seeing whether embedded Linux will provide you with something new and useful. </div>
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<li class="level1"><div class="li"> If you are a Linux user, new to embedded systems, your interest may lie in seeing how an embedded system can capitalize on a pared down Linux. </div>
</li>
<li class="level1"><div class="li"> If you are new to both embedded systems and Linux, you hope to accrue some initial expertise in each area. </div>
</li>
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<p>
 This course is intended to help all these constituencies move toward their goals. The course is introductory in nature and is a starting point rather than a final destination.. 
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<p>
We encourage you to visit the uClinux website (<a href="http://blackfin.uClinux.org" class="urlextern" title="http://blackfin.uClinux.org"  rel="nofollow">http://blackfin.uClinux.org</a>) and there to join the  email list. There you will see many useful details discussed and be able to ask questions and contribute your own ideas. 
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