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<html><head><title>Index: N</title></head><body bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000"><!-- START OF BODY --><!-- TOP BANNER --><p><img src="../gifs/smbanns.gif" usemap="#banner-map" border=0 alt="Book Home" ></p><map name="banner-map"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="0,0,466,71" HREF="../index.htm" ALT="Programming Perl"><AREA SHAPE="RECT" COORDS="467,0,514,18" HREF="../jobjects/fsearch.htm" ALT="Search this book"></map><!-- TOP INDEX LINKS --><p><a href="idx_0.htm">Symbols</a>| <a href="idx_a.htm">A</a>| <a href="idx_b.htm">B</a>| <a href="idx_c.htm">C</a>| <a href="idx_d.htm">D</a>| <a href="idx_e.htm">E</a>| <a href="idx_f.htm">F</a>| <a href="idx_g.htm">G</a>| <a href="idx_h.htm">H</a>| <a href="idx_i.htm">I</a>| <a href="idx_j.htm">J</a>| <a href="idx_k.htm">K</a>| <a href="idx_l.htm">L</a>| <a href="idx_m.htm">M</a>| <a href="idx_n.htm">N</a>| <a href="idx_o.htm">O</a>| <a href="idx_p.htm">P</a>| <a href="idx_q.htm">Q</a>| <a href="idx_r.htm">R</a>| <a href="idx_s.htm">S</a>| <a href="idx_t.htm">T</a>| <a href="idx_u.htm">U</a>| <a href="idx_v.htm">V</a>| <a href="idx_w.htm">W</a>| <a href="idx_x.htm">X</a>| <a href="idx_y.htm">Y</a>| <a href="idx_z.htm">Z</a></FONT><!-- INDEX SECTION BODY --><H1>Index: N</H1><DL><dt>\n: <a href="../ch25_01.htm#INDEX-4319">25.1. Newlines</a></dt><dd><dl> <dt>(see also <a href="idx_n.htm#newlines">newlines</a>)</dt> </dl></dd><a name="-n-loop-command-line-switch"><dt>-n (loop) command-line switch: <a href="../ch19_01.htm#INDEX-3429">19.1.3. Switches</a></dt><a name="named"><dt>named</dt><dd><dl> <a name="character-metasymbol-for"> <a name="named-character"><dt>character: <a href="../ch02_06.htm#INDEX-569">2.6.2. String Literals</a></dt><dt>character, metasymbol for: <a href="../ch05_03.htm#INDEX-1509">5.3.2. Specific Characters</a></dt> <a name="characters-inserting"> <dt>characters, inserting: <a href="../ch15_02.htm#INDEX-2833">15.2. Effects of Character Semantics</a></dt> <a name="pipes"> <dt>pipes: <a href="../ch16_03.htm#INDEX-3035">16.3.4. Named Pipes</a></dt><dd><dl> </dl></dd></dl></dd><a name="named-unary-operators"><dt>named unary operators: <a href="../ch02_11.htm#INDEX-766">2.11.3. Filename Globbing Operator</a></dt><dd><dl> <dt><a href="../ch03_10.htm#INDEX-872">3.10. Named Unary and File Test Operators</a></dt> <a name="listing-of"> <dt>listing of: <a href="../ch03_10.htm#INDEX-874">3.10. Named Unary and File Test Operators</a></dt></dl></dd><a name="names"><dt>names: <a href="../ch02_05.htm#INDEX-461">2.5. Names</a></dt><dd><dl> <a name="arrays"> <dt>arrays: <a href="../ch02_04.htm#INDEX-451">2.4. Variables</a></dt> <a name="attributes-subroutines"> <dt>attributes, subroutines: <a href="../ch06_05.htm#INDEX-1878">6.5.1. The locked and method Attributes</a></dt> <a name="capitalization-conventions"> <dt>capitalization conventions: <a href="../ch02_05.htm#INDEX-478">2.5. Names</a></dt> <a name="classes-distinguishing-from-subroutines"> <dt>classes, distinguishing from subroutines: <a href="../ch12_03.htm#INDEX-2396">12.3.4. Package-Quoted Classes</a></dt> <a name="commands"> <dt>commands: <a href="../ch01_02.htm#INDEX-141">1.2.2. Verbs</a></dt><dd><dl> </dl></dd> <a name="constructors"> <dt>constructors: <a href="../ch12_04.htm#INDEX-2431">12.4.2. Initializers</a></dt> <a name="file"> <dt>file: <a href="../ch02_06.htm#INDEX-628">2.6.8. Other Literal Tokens</a></dt> <a name="for-files==>filenames"> <dt>for files==>filenames: <a href="../ch29_02.htm#INDEX-5157">29.2.128. rename</a></dt> <a name="format"> <dt>format (see <a href="idx_f.htm#format-names">format names</a>)</dt> <a name="formats-associated-with-filehandles"> <dt>formats associated with filehandles: <a href="../ch07_01.htm#INDEX-1890">7. Formats</a></dt> <a name="functions"> <dt>functions: <a href="../ch01_02.htm#INDEX-143">1.2.2. Verbs</a></dt> <a name="getting-from-network-addresses"> <dt>getting from network addresses: <a href="../ch29_02.htm#INDEX-4824">29.2.47. gethostbyaddr</a></dt> <a name="group-names"> <dt>group names: <a href="../ch29_02.htm#INDEX-4820">29.2.46. getgrnam</a></dt> <a name="hashes"> <dt>hashes: <a href="../ch02_04.htm#INDEX-453">2.4. Variables</a></dt> <a name="hashes-storing-in"> <dt>hashes, storing in: <a href="../ch01_02.htm#INDEX-80">1.2.1.2. Pluralities</a></dt> <a name="hostnames-translating-to-network-addresses"> <dt>hostnames, translating to network addresses: <a href="../ch29_02.htm#INDEX-4832">29.2.48. gethostbyname</a></dt> <a name="identifiers-vs."> <dt>identifiers vs.: <a href="../ch02_05.htm#INDEX-491">2.5. Names</a></dt> <a name="labels-and-filehandles"> <dt>labels and filehandles: <a href="../ch02_05.htm#INDEX-474">2.5. Names</a></dt> <a name="login"> <dt>login (see <a href="idx_l.htm#login-names">login names</a>)</dt> <a name="lookups-of"> <dt>lookups of: <a href="../ch02_05.htm#INDEX-504">2.5.1. Name Lookups</a></dt> <a name="methods-tied-variables"> <dt>methods, tied variables: <a href="../ch14_01.htm#INDEX-2676">14. Tied Variables</a></dt> <a name="modules"> <dt>modules: <a href="../ch11_01.htm#INDEX-2279">11.1. Using Modules</a></dt><dd><dl> <a name="capitalization-in"> <dt>capitalization in: <a href="../ch11_01.htm#INDEX-2291">11.1. Using Modules</a></dt> </dl></dd> <a name="modules-packages"> <dt>modules/packages: <a href="../ch24_03.htm#INDEX-4265">24.3. Programming with Style</a></dt> <a name="network-addresses-getting-from"> <dt>network addresses, getting from: <a href="../ch29_02.htm#INDEX-4847">29.2.51. getnetbyaddr</a></dt> <a name="packages"> <dt>packages: <a href="../ch10_01.htm#INDEX-2216">10. Packages</a></dt> <a name="parameters-not-requiring"> <dt>parameters, not requiring: <a href="../ch06_02.htm#INDEX-1822">6.2.1. Tricks with Parameter Lists</a></dt> <a name="ports-getting-from-number"> <dt>ports, getting from number: <a href="../ch29_02.htm#INDEX-4898">29.2.64. getservbyname</a></dt> <a name="program"> <dt>program (see <a href="idx_$.htm#$0-variable">$0 variable</a>)</dt> <a name="protocols-getting-from-port-numbers"> <dt>protocols, getting from port numbers: <a href="../ch29_02.htm#INDEX-4901">29.2.65. getservbyport</a></dt> <a name="protocols-translating-to-from-numbers"> <dt>protocols, translating to/from numbers: <a href="../ch29_02.htm#INDEX-4874">29.2.58. getprotobyname</a></dt> <a name="scope-confining-to"> <dt>scope, confining to: <a href="../ch04_08.htm#INDEX-1208">4.8.1. Scoped Variable Declarations</a></dt> <a name="signals"> <dt>signals: <a href="../ch16_01.htm#INDEX-2914">16.1. Signals</a></dt> <a name="subroutines"> <dt>subroutines: <a href="../ch06_01.htm#INDEX-1794">6.1. Syntax</a></dt><dd><dl> <a name="capitalization-in"> <dt>capitalization in: <a href="../ch06_01.htm#INDEX-1802">6.1. Syntax</a></dt> </dl></dd> <a name="symbol-tables"> <dt>symbol tables: <a href="../ch10_01.htm#INDEX-2223">10.1. Symbol Tables</a></dt> <a name="temporary-files-generating"> <dt>temporary files, generating: <a href="../ch23_02.htm#INDEX-4047">23.2.3. Temporary Files</a></dt> <a name="translating-to-network-addresses"> <dt>translating to network addresses: <a href="../ch29_02.htm#INDEX-4851">29.2.52. getnetbyname</a></dt> <a name="typeglobs"> <dt>typeglobs: <a href="../ch02_10.htm#INDEX-726">2.10. Typeglobs and Filehandles</a></dt> <a name="users"> <dt>users: <a href="../ch29_02.htm#INDEX-4888">29.2.62. getpwnam</a></dt> <a name="variable"> <dt>variable: <a href="../ch24_03.htm#INDEX-4261">24.3. Programming with Style</a></dt> <a name="variables"> <dt>variables: <a href="../ch01_02.htm#INDEX-29">1.2.1. Variable Syntax</a></dt><dd><dl> <dt><a href="../ch02_04.htm#INDEX-448">2.4. Variables</a></dt> </dl></dd></dl></dd><a name="namespace"><dt>namespace (see also <a href="idx_p.htm#packages">packages</a>)</dt><dd><dl> <a name="encapsulation-based-on"> <dt>encapsulation based on: <a href="../ch14_06.htm#INDEX-2781">14.6. Tie Modules on CPAN</a></dt> <a name="modules-and"> <dt>modules and: <a href="../ch11_02.htm#INDEX-2305">11.2.1. Module Privacy and the Exporter</a></dt></dl></dd><a name="namespaces"><dt>namespaces: <a href="../ch02_05.htm#INDEX-462">2.5. Names</a></dt><dd><dl> <a name="access-restricting-with-Safe-module"> <dt>access, restricting with Safe module: <a href="../ch23_03.htm#INDEX-4066">23.3.1.1. Restricting namespace access</a></dt> <a name="for-packages"> <dt>for packages: <a href="../ch01_02.htm#INDEX-125">1.2.1.4. Simplicities</a></dt></dl></dd><a name="naming-socket"><dt>naming, socket: <a href="../ch29_02.htm#INDEX-4645">29.2.5. bind</a></dt><a name="natural-languages"><dt>natural languages: <a href="../ch01_02.htm#INDEX-22">1.2. Natural and Artificial Languages</a></dt><dd><dl> <a name="environment-variables-controlling-Perl-handling-of"> <dt>environment variables controlling Perl handling of: <a href="../ch19_02.htm#INDEX-3475">19.2. Environment Variables</a></dt></dl></dd><a name="NDBM_File-module"><dt>NDBM_File module: <a href="../ch32_01.htm#INDEX-5597">32.1.10. DBM Interfaces</a></dt><a name="ne-operator"><dt>ne operator: <a href="../ch24_01.htm#INDEX-4107">24.1.1. Universal Blunders</a></dt><a name="negation"><dt>negation</dt><dd><dl> <a name="arithmetic--operator"> <dt>arithmetic (-)operator: <a href="../ch03_05.htm#INDEX-833">3.5. Ideographic Unary Operators</a></dt> <a name="bitwise-~-operator"> <dt>bitwise (~) operator: <a href="../ch03_05.htm#INDEX-837">3.5. Ideographic Unary Operators</a></dt> <a name="character-classes"> <dt>character classes: <a href="../ch05_04.htm#INDEX-1537">5.4.1. Custom Character Classes</a></dt><dd><dl> <dt><a href="../ch05_04.htm#INDEX-1546">5.4.2. Classic Perl Character Class Shortcuts</a></dt> </dl></dd> <a name="logical-!-operator"> <dt>logical (!) operator: <a href="../ch03_05.htm#INDEX-830">3.5. Ideographic Unary Operators</a></dt> <a name="of-character-class"> <dt>of character class: <a href="../ch01_07.htm#INDEX-374">1.7.1. Quantifiers</a></dt> <a name="POSIX-character-classes"> <dt>POSIX character classes: <a href="../ch05_04.htm#INDEX-1581">5.4.4. POSIX-Style Character Classes</a></dt></dl></dd><a name="negation-operator-!-overloading"><dt>negation operator (!), overloading: <a href="../ch13_03.htm#INDEX-">13.3. Overloadable Operators</a></dt><a name="negative-array-subscripts-counting-from-end-of-array"><dt>negative array subscripts, counting from end of array: <a href="../ch24_01.htm#INDEX-4179">24.1.5. Previous Perl Traps</a></dt><a name="negative-lookahead-assertions"><dt>negative lookahead assertions: <a href="../ch05_09.htm#INDEX-1710">5.9.4. The Little Engine That /Could(n't)?/</a></dt><dd><dl> <dt><a href="../ch05_10.htm#INDEX-1744">5.10.1. Lookaround Assertions</a></dt></dl></dd><a name="negative-subscripts-in-Perl"><dt>negative subscripts in Perl: <a href="../ch02_03.htm#INDEX-433">2.3. Built-in Data Types</a></dt><a name="nested"><dt>nested</dt><dd><dl> <a name="arrays"> <dt>arrays: <a href="../ch09_01.htm#INDEX-2082">9.1. Arrays of Arrays</a></dt> <a name="nested-data-structures"><dt>data structures: <a href="../ch01_02.htm#INDEX-113">1.2.1.3. Complexities</a></dt><a name="data-structures-printed"> <dt>data structures, printed: <a href="../ch20_02.htm#INDEX-3545">20.2.4. Display</a></dt> <a name="destruction"> <dt>destruction: <a href="../ch12_06.htm#INDEX-2505">12.6. Instance Destructors</a></dt> <a name="lists"> <dt>lists: <a href="../ch09_01.htm#INDEX-2080">9.1. Arrays of Arrays</a></dt><a name="nested-subroutines"><dt>subroutines: <a href="../ch08_03.htm#INDEX-2043">8.3.7.2. Nested subroutines</a></dt></dl></dd><a name="Net::hostent-module"><dt>Net::hostent module: <a href="../ch29_02.htm#INDEX-4839">29.2.49. gethostent</a></dt><dd><dl> <dt><a href="../ch32_01.htm#INDEX-5564">32.1.8. Networking and Interprocess Communication</a></dt> <a name="Class::Struct-using-to-create-objects-and-accesors"> <dt>Class::Struct, using to create objects and accesors: <a href="../ch32_06.htm#INDEX-5810">32.6. Class::Struct</a></dt></dl></dd><a name="Net::netent-module"><dt>Net::netent module: <a href="../ch29_02.htm#INDEX-4848">29.2.51. getnetbyaddr</a></dt><dd><dl> <dt><a href="../ch32_01.htm#INDEX-5566">32.1.8. Networking and Interprocess Communication</a></dt></dl></dd><a name="netnews"><dt>netnews: <a href="../ch22_01.htm#INDEX-3887">22.1. The CPAN modules Directory</a></dt><dd><dl> <dt>(see also <a href="idx_u.htm#Usenet">Usenet</a>)</dt></dl></dd><a name="Net::Ping-module"><dt>Net::Ping module: <a href="../ch32_01.htm#INDEX-5568">32.1.8. Networking and Interprocess Communication</a></dt><a name="Net::proto-module"><dt>Net::proto module: <a href="../ch29_02.htm#INDEX-4877">29.2.59. getprotobynumber</a></dt><a name="Net::protoent-module"><dt>Net::protoent module: <a href="../ch32_01.htm#INDEX-5570">32.1.8. Networking and Interprocess Communication</a></dt><a name="Net::servent-module"><dt>Net::servent module: <a href="../ch32_01.htm#INDEX-5572">32.1.8. Networking and Interprocess Communication</a></dt><a name="networking"><dt>networking</dt><dd><dl> <a name="clients"> <dt>clients: <a href="../ch16_05.htm#INDEX-3083">16.5.1. 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