ch31.htm

来自「Maximum Security (First Edition) 网络安全 英文」· HTM 代码 · 共 1,189 行 · 第 1/4 页

<UL>
	<LI>Hate crimes and harassment are against the law--In 1995, an individual at the
	University of Irvine in California was indicted for such activity. According to the
	article &quot;Ex-student Indicted for Alleged Hate Crime in Cyberspace,&quot; prosecutors
	alleged that the student sent &quot;...a threatening electronic message to about
	60 University of California, Irvine, students on Sept. 20.&quot; The student was
	therefore &quot;...indicted on 10 federal hate-crime charges for allegedly sending
	computer messages threatening to kill Asian students.&quot;
</UL>



<BLOCKQUOTE>
	<P>
<HR>
<FONT COLOR="#000077"><B>Cross Reference:</B></FONT><B> </B>Visit <A HREF="http://www.nando.net/newsroom/ntn/info/111496/info15_1378.html"><TT>http://www.nando.net/newsroom/ntn/info/111496/info15_1378.html</TT></A>
	to see the article &quot;Ex-student Indicted for Alleged Hate Crime in Cyberspace.&quot;
	
<HR>


</BLOCKQUOTE>


<UL>
	<LI>Forwarding threats to the President is unlawful--In one case, a man was arrested
	for sending messages to the President, threatening to kill him. In another, less
	controversial case, seventh graders were arrested by the Secret Service for telling
	Mr. Clinton that his &quot;ass&quot; was &quot;theirs.&quot;
</UL>

<P>In reference to harassment and racial slurs, the law already provides a standard
that may be (and has been) applied to the Internet. That is the <I>Fighting Words
Doctrine</I>, which seems to revolve primarily around the requirement that the words
must be specifically directed toward an individual or individuals. Merely stating
that &quot;all blondes are stupid&quot; is insufficient.</P>
<P>The Fighting Words Doctrine can be understood most clearly by examining <I>Vietnamese
Fisherman's Ass'n v. Knights of the Ku Klux Klan</I>. The case revolved around repeated
harassment of Vietnamese fisherman by the KKK in Galveston Bay. The situation involved
the KKK members approaching (by boat) a vessel containing Vietnamese fisherman. According
to Donald A. Downs in his article &quot;Racial Incitement Law and Policy in the United
States: Drawing the Line Between Free Speech and Protection Against Racism,&quot;
the KKK:

<DL>
	<DD>...wore full military regalia and hoods on their faces, brandished weapons and
	hung an effigy of a Vietnamese fisherman and circled within eyesight of the fisherman.
</DL>

<P>The court in that case found the actions of the KKK to amount to fighting words.
Such speech, when directed against an individual or individuals who are in some way
a captive audience to those words, is not protected under the First Amendment. Similarly,
threats against the President of the United States amount to unprotected speech.
And, such threats, where they are extortive or unconditional and specific to the
person so threatened, amount to unprotected speech.</P>
<P>These laws and doctrines can be applied in any instance. Whether that application
is ultimately successful remains another matter. Certainly, posting such information
on a Web page or even in a Usenet group may or may not be narrow enough of a directive
to call such laws (threats to the President are the obvious, notable exceptions).
The law in this area is not entirely settled.
<H2><FONT COLOR="#000077"><B>Summary</B></FONT></H2>
<P>Internet law is a new and exciting area of expertise. Because the Internet is
of such extreme public interest, certain battles, such as the dispute over adult-oriented
material, are bound to take a decade or more. All Netizens should keep up with the
latest legislation.</P>
<P>Finally, perhaps a word of caution here would be wise: If you are planning to
undertake some act upon the Internet and you are unsure of its legality, get a lawyer's
opinion. Not just any lawyer, either; talk to one who really knows Internet law.
Many attorneys may claim to know Internet law, but the number that actually do is
small. This is important because the Information Superhighway is like any other highway.
You can get pulled over, get a ticket, or even go to jail.
<H3><FONT COLOR="#000077"><B>Resources</B></FONT></H3>
<P><B>Berne Convention For The Protection Of Literary And Artistic Works</B>.

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www.law.cornell.edu/treaties/berne/overview.html"><TT>http://www.law.cornell.edu/treaties/berne/overview.html</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>EFF's (Extended) Guide to the Internet--Copyright Law.</B>

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://soma.npa.uiuc.edu/docs/eegtti/eeg_105.html"><TT>http://soma.npa.uiuc.edu/docs/eegtti/eeg_105.html</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>Big Dummy's Guide to the Internet--Copyright Law.</B>

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www.bio.uts.edu.au/www/guides/bdgtti/bdg_101.html"><TT>http://www.bio.uts.edu.au/www/guides/bdgtti/bdg_101.html</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>Revising the Copyright Law for Electronic Publishing.</B>

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www.leepfrog.com/E-Law/Revising-HyperT.html"><TT>http://www.leepfrog.com/E-Law/Revising-HyperT.html</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>The E-Challenge for Copyright Law.</B>

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www.utsystem.edu/OGC/IntellectualProperty/challenge.htm"><TT>http://www.utsystem.edu/OGC/IntellectualProperty/challenge.htm</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>Copyright Law FAQ (3/6): Common Miscellaneous Questions.</B>

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www.lib.ox.ac.uk/internet/news/faq/archive/law.copyright-faq.part3.html"><TT>http://www.lib.ox.ac.uk/internet/news/faq/archive/law.copyright-faq.part3.html</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>Copyrights, Trademarks, and the Internet.</B> Donald M. Cameron, Tom S. Onyshko,
and W. David Castell.

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www.smithlyons.com/it/cti/index.htm"><TT>http://www.smithlyons.com/it/cti/index.htm</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>New U.S. Copyright Board of Appeals Established.</B>

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www.jurisdiction.com/einh0002.htm"><TT>http://www.jurisdiction.com/einh0002.htm</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>Copyright Law of the United States.</B> US Code-Title 17, Section 107. Fair
Use Clause.

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://lfcity.com/cpy.html"><TT>http://lfcity.com/cpy.html</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>Copyright Law, Libraries, and Universities: Overview, Recent Developments,
and Future Issues.</B> Kenneth D. Crews, J.D., Ph.D. Associate Professor of Business
Law. College of Business. This is an excellent source.

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/bytopic/intprop/crews.html"><TT>http://palimpsest.stanford.edu/bytopic/intprop/crews.html</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>Recent Caselaw and Legislative Developments in Copyright Law in the United
States.</B>

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www.ladas.com/GUIDES/COPYRIGHT/Copyright.USA.1995.html"><TT>http://www.ladas.com/GUIDES/COPYRIGHT/Copyright.USA.1995.html</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>Copyright Law and Fair Use.</B>

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www-sul.stanford.edu/cpyright.html"><TT>http://www-sul.stanford.edu/cpyright.html</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>The First Amendment vs. Federal Copyright Law.</B>

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www.krusch.com/real/copyright.html"><TT>http://www.krusch.com/real/copyright.html</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>Software Copyright Law.</B>

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www.lgu.com/cr_idx.htm"><TT>http://www.lgu.com/cr_idx.htm</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>Electronic Copyright Law in France.</B>

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www.spa.org/consumer/bus/franc.htm"><TT>http://www.spa.org/consumer/bus/franc.htm</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>U.S. Copyright Office General Information and Publications.</B>

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/"><TT>http://lcweb.loc.gov/copyright/</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>Copyright Clearance Center (CCC).</B>

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www.copyright.com/"><TT>http://www.copyright.com/</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>Copyright Reform in Canada: Domestic Cultural Policy Objectives and the Challenge
of Technological Convergence.</B>

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www.ucalgary.ca/~gagow/cpyrght.htm"><TT>http://www.ucalgary.ca/~gagow/cpyrght.htm</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>10 Big Myths About Copyright Explained.</B> An attempt to answer common myths
about copyright on the Net and cover issues related to copyright and Usenet/Internet
publication.

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www.clari.net/brad/copymyths.html"><TT>http://www.clari.net/brad/copymyths.html</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>Intellectual Property and the National Information Infrastructure.</B>

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www.uspto.gov/web/ipnii/"><TT>http://www.uspto.gov/web/ipnii/</TT></A>
</UL>

<H2><FONT COLOR="#000077"><B>Sources for General Information</B></FONT></H2>
<P><B>Section 3 of the Computer Misuse Act 1990: an Antidote for Computer Viruses!</B>
Akdeniz, Y. Web Journal of Current Legal Issues, May 24, 1996.

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www.ncl.ac.uk/~nlawwww/1996/issue3/akdeniz3.html"><TT>http://www.ncl.ac.uk/~nlawwww/1996/issue3/akdeniz3.html</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>The Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986.</B>

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/1030.html"><TT>http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/1030.html</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>Crime on the Internet.</B>

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www.digitalcentury.com/encyclo/update/crime.html"><TT>http://www.digitalcentury.com/encyclo/update/crime.html</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>The U.S. House of Representatives Internet Law Library Computers and the Law.</B>

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://orbus.pls.com:8001/his/95.GBM"><TT>http://orbus.pls.com:8001/his/95.GBM</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>EFF &quot;Legal Issues and Policy: Cyberspace and the Law&quot; Archive.</B>

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www.eff.org/pub/Privacy/Security/Hacking_cracking_phreaking/Legal/"><TT>http://www.eff.org/pub/Privacy/Security/Hacking_cracking_phreaking/Legal/</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>New Computer Crime Statutes Close Loopholes.</B>

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www.ljx.com/securitynet/articles/0325nlj.htm"><TT>http://www.ljx.com/securitynet/articles/0325nlj.htm</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>Federal Guidelines for Searching and Seizing Computers.</B> U.S. Department
of Justice Criminal Division Office of Professional Development and Training. The
Report of the Working Group on Intellectual Property Rights.

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/doc/ipnii/"><TT>http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/doc/ipnii/</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>National Information Infrastructure Protection Act of 1996.</B>

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www.epic.org/security/1996_computer_law.html"><TT>http://www.epic.org/security/1996_computer_law.html</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>Fraud and Related Activity in Connection with Access Devices.</B>

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/1029.html"><TT>http://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/18/1029.html</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>Digital Telephony Bill.</B>

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://www.eff.org/pub/Privacy/Digital_Telephony_FBI/digtel94.act"><TT>http://www.eff.org/pub/Privacy/Digital_Telephony_FBI/digtel94.act</TT></A>
</UL>

<P><B>Computer Law Briefs.</B>

<UL>
	<LI><A HREF="http://sddtsun.sddt.com/~columbus/CBA/BBriefs/Wernick.html"><TT>http://sddtsun.sddt.com/~columbus/CBA/BBriefs/Wernick.html</TT></A>
</UL>

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