ch06.a.htm
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t</SPAN>
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c</SUB>
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2</SUP>
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<A NAME="pgfId=16941">
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6.20 (***Alternative metastability solutions, 120 min.) Write a minitutorial on metastability solutions. The best sources for this type of information are usually application notes written by FPGA and TTL manufacturers, many of which are available on the Web (TI is a good source on this topic).</P>
<P CLASS="ExerciseHead">
<A NAME="pgfId=37710">
</A>
6.21 (Altera 8000 I/O, 10 min) <A HREF="CH06.a.htm#11079" CLASS="XRef">
Figure 6.26</A>
shows the Altera FLEX 8000 I/O characteristics. Determine as much as you are able to from these figures.</P>
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<IMG SRC="CH06-26.gif">
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<A NAME="pgfId=37719">
</A>
FIGURE 6.26 <A NAME="11079">
</A>
(a) Altera FLEX 8000 I/O characteristics operating at 5 V. (b) EPF8282V I/O operating at 3.3 V. (c) Characteristics with mixed 5V and 3.3 V I/O operation.</P>
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</TABLE>
<P CLASS="ExerciseHead">
<A NAME="pgfId=37698">
</A>
6.22 (Power calculation, 60 min.) Suppose we wish to limit power dissipation on an ACT 1 A1020 chip to below 1 W for a 44-pin PLCC package.</P>
<UL>
<LI CLASS="ExercisePartFirst">
<A NAME="pgfId=55324">
</A>
a. Derive an equation for the number of logic modules, number of I/O modules, number of modules connected to the clock and system clock frequency in terms of the package parameters and the worst-case T<SUB CLASS="Subscript">
A</SUB>
. </LI>
<LI CLASS="ExercisePart">
<A NAME="pgfId=55325">
</A>
b. Assume: </LI>
</UL>
<P CLASS="ExcerciseList">
<A NAME="pgfId=46090">
</A>
100 percent utilization of I/Os,</P>
<P CLASS="ExcerciseList">
<A NAME="pgfId=46091">
</A>
50 percent are outputs connected to a 50 pF load,</P>
<P CLASS="ExcerciseList">
<A NAME="pgfId=46092">
</A>
100 percent utilization of logic modules,</P>
<P CLASS="ExcerciseList">
<A NAME="pgfId=46098">
</A>
10 percent of the logic modules are connected to the clock,</P>
<P CLASS="ExcerciseList">
<A NAME="pgfId=46099">
</A>
20 percent of the logic modules toggle every clock cycle,</P>
<P CLASS="ExcerciseList">
<A NAME="pgfId=46100">
</A>
20 percent of the I/Os toggle every clock cycle.</P>
<P CLASS="Exercise">
<A NAME="pgfId=46101">
</A>
Determine an upper limit on clock frequency.</P>
<UL>
<LI CLASS="ExercisePart">
<A NAME="pgfId=55326">
</A>
c. Next vary each of the assumptions you made in part b. Draw graphs showing the variation of clock frequency as you vary each of the above parameters, including the power dissipation limit (a spreadsheet will help).</LI>
<LI CLASS="ExercisePart">
<A NAME="pgfId=55327">
</A>
d. Can you draw any conclusions from this exercise?</LI>
</UL>
<P CLASS="ExerciseHead">
<A NAME="pgfId=16942">
</A>
6.23 (Switch debounce, 30 min) Design a logic circuit to “debounce” the output from a buffer whose input is connected to a bounce-prone switch. Your system operates at a clock frequency of 1 MHz.</P>
<P CLASS="ExerciseHead">
<A NAME="pgfId=45752">
</A>
6.24 <A NAME="10064">
</A>
(Plugs and sockets, 30 min.) Draw the plugs and sockets (to scale) for the technologies in <A HREF="CH06.a.htm#25070" CLASS="XRef">
Table 6.9</A>
.</P>
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<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="11">
<P CLASS="TableTitle">
<A NAME="pgfId=60330">
</A>
TABLE 6.9 <A NAME="25070">
</A>
TTL-compatible CMOS logic thresholds (Problems <A HREF="CH06.a.htm#10064" CLASS="XRef">
6.24</A>
and <A HREF="CH06.a.htm#33650" CLASS="XRef">
6.25</A>
).<SUP CLASS="Superscript">
<A HREF="#pgfId=84989" CLASS="footnote">
12</A>
</SUP>
</P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableFirst">
<A NAME="pgfId=60353">
</A>
</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="2">
<P CLASS="TableFirst">
<A NAME="pgfId=60358">
</A>
Input levels</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="4">
<P CLASS="TableFirst">
<A NAME="pgfId=60362">
</A>
<SPAN CLASS="TableHeads">
Output levels driving TTL</SPAN>
</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="4">
<P CLASS="TableFirst">
<A NAME="pgfId=60373">
</A>
<SPAN CLASS="TableHeads">
Output levels driving CMOS </SPAN>
<SUP CLASS="Superscript">
<A HREF="#pgfId=60372" CLASS="footnote">
13</A>
</SUP>
</P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableFirst">
<A NAME="pgfId=60381">
</A>
<SPAN CLASS="TableHeads">
Family</SPAN>
</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableFirst">
<A NAME="pgfId=60383">
</A>
<SPAN CLASS="TableHeads">
V</SPAN>
<SUB CLASS="Subscript">
IHmin</SUB>
</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableFirst">
<A NAME="pgfId=60385">
</A>
<SPAN CLASS="TableHeads">
V</SPAN>
<SUB CLASS="Subscript">
ILmax</SUB>
</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableFirst">
<A NAME="pgfId=60387">
</A>
<SPAN CLASS="TableHeads">
V</SPAN>
<SUB CLASS="Subscript">
OHmin</SUB>
</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableFirst">
<A NAME="pgfId=60389">
</A>
<SPAN CLASS="TableHeads">
I</SPAN>
<SUB CLASS="Subscript">
OHmax</SUB>
</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableFirst">
<A NAME="pgfId=60391">
</A>
<SPAN CLASS="TableHeads">
V</SPAN>
<SUB CLASS="Subscript">
OLmax</SUB>
</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableFirst">
<A NAME="pgfId=60393">
</A>
<SPAN CLASS="TableHeads">
I</SPAN>
<SUB CLASS="Subscript">
OLmax</SUB>
</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableFirst">
<A NAME="pgfId=60395">
</A>
<SPAN CLASS="TableHeads">
V</SPAN>
<SUB CLASS="Subscript">
OHmin</SUB>
</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableFirst">
<A NAME="pgfId=60397">
</A>
<SPAN CLASS="TableHeads">
I</SPAN>
<SUB CLASS="Subscript">
OHmax</SUB>
</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableFirst">
<A NAME="pgfId=60399">
</A>
<SPAN CLASS="TableHeads">
V</SPAN>
<SUB CLASS="Subscript">
OLmax</SUB>
</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableFirst">
<A NAME="pgfId=60401">
</A>
<SPAN CLASS="TableHeads">
I</SPAN>
<SUB CLASS="Subscript">
OLmax</SUB>
</P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=60403">
</A>
<SPAN CLASS="TableHeads">
74HCT </SPAN>
</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60405">
</A>
2.0</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60407">
</A>
0.8</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60409">
</A>
3.84</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60411">
</A>
–4.0</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60413">
</A>
0.33</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60415">
</A>
4.0</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60417">
</A>
4.4</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60419">
</A>
–0.02</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60421">
</A>
0.1</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60423">
</A>
0.02</P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=60425">
</A>
<SPAN CLASS="TableHeads">
74HC </SPAN>
</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=85021">
</A>
3.85</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60429">
</A>
1.35</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60431">
</A>
3.84</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60433">
</A>
–4.0</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60435">
</A>
0.33</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60437">
</A>
4.0</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60439">
</A>
4.4</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60441">
</A>
–0.02</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60443">
</A>
0.1</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60445">
</A>
0.02</P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=60447">
</A>
<SPAN CLASS="TableHeads">
74ACT </SPAN>
</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60449">
</A>
2.0</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60451">
</A>
0.8</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60453">
</A>
3.76</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60455">
</A>
–24.0</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60457">
</A>
0.37</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60459">
</A>
24.0</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60461">
</A>
4.4</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60463">
</A>
–0.05</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60465">
</A>
0.1</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60467">
</A>
0.05</P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=60469">
</A>
<SPAN CLASS="TableHeads">
74AC </SPAN>
</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60471">
</A>
3.85</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60473">
</A>
1.35</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60475">
</A>
3.76</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60477">
</A>
–24.0</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60479">
</A>
0.37</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60481">
</A>
24.0</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60483">
</A>
4.4</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60485">
</A>
–0.05</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60487">
</A>
0.1</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=60489">
</A>
0.05</P>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<P CLASS="ExerciseHead">
<A NAME="pgfId=16057">
</A>
6.25 <A NAME="33650">
</A>
(TTL compatibility, 30 min.) Explain very carefully, giving an ex⌨️ 快捷键说明
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