ch04.9.htm

介绍asci设计的一本书

<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34620">
 </A>
340 %</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34622">
 </A>
490 %</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34624">
 </A>
&nbsp;</P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34626">
 </A>
3030:</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34628">
 </A>
PC44</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34630">
 </A>
PC68</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34632">
 </A>
PC84</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34634">
 </A>
PQ100</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34636">
 </A>
PG84</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34638">
 </A>
&nbsp;</P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34640">
 </A>
&nbsp;</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34642">
 </A>
100 %</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34644">
 </A>
107 %</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34646">
 </A>
113 %</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34648">
 </A>
135 %</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34650">
 </A>
330 %</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34652">
 </A>
&nbsp;</P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34654">
 </A>
3042:</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34656">
 </A>
PC84</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34658">
 </A>
PQ100</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34660">
 </A>
PP132</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34662">
 </A>
PG84</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34664">
 </A>
PG132</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34666">
 </A>
CQ100</P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34668">
 </A>
&nbsp;</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34670">
 </A>
100 %</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34672">
 </A>
175 %</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34674">
 </A>
240 %</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34676">
 </A>
310 %</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34678">
 </A>
370 %</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34680">
 </A>
375 %</P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34682">
 </A>
3064:</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34684">
 </A>
PC84</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34686">
 </A>
PQ160</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34688">
 </A>
PP132</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34690">
 </A>
PG132</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34692">
 </A>
&nbsp;</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34694">
 </A>
&nbsp;</P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34696">
 </A>
&nbsp;</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34698">
 </A>
100 %</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34700">
 </A>
150 %</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34702">
 </A>
190 %</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34704">
 </A>
260 %</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34706">
 </A>
&nbsp;</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34708">
 </A>
&nbsp;</P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34710">
 </A>
3090:</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34712">
 </A>
PC84</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34714">
 </A>
PQ160</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34716">
 </A>
PP175</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34718">
 </A>
PG175</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34720">
 </A>
CQ164</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeft">
<A NAME="pgfId=34722">
 </A>
&nbsp;</P>
</TD>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeftEnd">
<A NAME="pgfId=34724">
 </A>
&nbsp;</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeftEnd">
<A NAME="pgfId=34726">
 </A>
100 %</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeftEnd">
<A NAME="pgfId=34728">
 </A>
130 %</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeftEnd">
<A NAME="pgfId=34730">
 </A>
150 %</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeftEnd">
<A NAME="pgfId=34732">
 </A>
230 %</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeftEnd">
<A NAME="pgfId=34734">
 </A>
240 %</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="TableLeftEnd">
<A NAME="pgfId=34736">
 </A>
&nbsp;</P>
</TD>
</TR>
</TABLE>
<LI CLASS="ExercisePart">
<A NAME="pgfId=32516">
 </A>
c.&nbsp;(Hours)&nbsp;Construct a table (using the format of <A HREF="CH04.9.htm#10129" CLASS="XRef">
Table&nbsp;4.8</A>
) for a current FPGA family. You may have to be creative in capturing the HTML and filtering it into a spreadsheet. <SPAN CLASS="Emphasis">
Hint:</SPAN>
 In Microsoft Word 5.0 you can select columns of text by holding down the Option key.</LI>
</UL>
<P CLASS="Exercise">
<A NAME="pgfId=30133">
 </A>
<SPAN CLASS="Emphasis">
Answer:</SPAN>
 (a)&nbsp;$211.85 (the actual Xilinx price was $210.20).</P>
<P CLASS="ExerciseHead">
<A NAME="pgfId=22247">
 </A>
4.6&nbsp;(PREP benchmarks, 60min.) Download the PREP 1.3 benchmark results as spreadsheets from <SPAN CLASS="URL">
<A HREF="http://www.prep.org" CLASS="URL">
http://www.prep.org</A>
</SPAN>
. Split the participating companies among groups and challenge each group to produce an averaging or analysis scheme that shows the group&#8217;s assigned company as a &#8220;winner.&#8221; For hints on this problem, consult advertisements in past issues of <SPAN CLASS="BookTitle">
EE Times</SPAN>
.</P>
<P CLASS="ExerciseHead">
<A NAME="pgfId=22384">
 </A>
4.7&nbsp;(FPGA patents) Patents are a good place to find information on FPGAs. </P>
<UL>
<LI CLASS="ExercisePartFirst">
<A NAME="pgfId=32517">
 </A>
a.&nbsp;Find U.S. Patent 5,440,245, Galbraith et al. &#8220;Logic module with configurable combinational and sequential blocks.&#8221; Find and explain a method to paste the figures into a report. </LI>
<LI CLASS="ExercisePart">
<A NAME="pgfId=32518">
 </A>
b.&nbsp;Conduct a patent search on FPGAs. Good places to start are the <SPAN CLASS="Definition">
U.S. Patent and Trademark Office</SPAN>
<A NAME="marker=22315">
 </A>
 (<SPAN CLASS="Definition">
PTO</SPAN>
<A NAME="marker=22316">
 </A>
<A NAME="marker=22317">
 </A>
) at <SPAN CLASS="URL">
<A HREF="http://www.uspto.gov" CLASS="URL">
http://www.uspto.gov</A>
</SPAN>
 and the IBM patent resource at <SPAN CLASS="URL">
<A HREF="http://patent.womplex.ibm.com" CLASS="URL">
http://patent.womplex.ibm.com</A>
</SPAN>
. Until 1996 the full text of recent U.S. patents was available at <SPAN CLASS="URL">
<A HREF="http://www.town.hall.org/patent" CLASS="URL">
http://www.town.hall.org/patent</A>
</SPAN>
; this is still a good site to visit for references to other locations. <A HREF="CH04.9.htm#11375" CLASS="XRef">
Table&nbsp;4.9</A>
 lists the patents awarded to the major FPGA companies up until 1996 (in the case of Actel and Altera the list includes only patents issued after 1990, corresponding roughly to patent numbers greater than number 5,000,000, which was issued in March 1990). </LI>
</UL>
<P CLASS="ExerciseHead">
<A NAME="pgfId=22326">
 </A>
4.8&nbsp;(**Maskworks, days) If you really want to find out about FPGA technology you tear chips apart. There is another way. Most U.S. companies register their chips as a type of copyright called a <SPAN CLASS="Definition">
Maskwork</SPAN>
<A NAME="marker=22358">
 </A>
. You will often see a little circle containing an &#8220;M&#8221; on a chip in the same way that a copyright sign is a circle surrounding the letter &#8220;C&#8221;. Companies that require a Maskwork are required to deposit plots and samples of the chips with a branch of the Library of Congress. These plots are open for public inspection in Washington, D.C. It is perfectly legal to use this information. You have to sign a visitors&#8217; book, and most of the names in the book are Japanese. Research Maskworks and write a summary of its implications, the protection it provides, and (if you can find them) the rules for the materials that must be deposited with the authorities.</P>
<TABLE>
<TR>
<TH ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="7">
<P CLASS="TableTitle">
<A NAME="pgfId=33713">
 </A>
TABLE&nbsp;4.9&nbsp;<A NAME="11375">
 </A>
FPGA Patents (U.S.).</P>
</TH>
</TR>
<TR>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33727">
 </A>
QuickLogic</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33728">
 </A>
5,416,367</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33729">
 </A>
5,397,939</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33730">
 </A>
5,396,127</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33731">
 </A>
5,362,676</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33732">
 </A>
5,319,238</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33733">
 </A>
5,302,546</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33734">
 </A>
5,220,213</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33735">
 </A>
5,196,724</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33736">
 </A>
&nbsp;</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33737">
 </A>
Intel</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33741">
 </A>
4,543,594<A HREF="#pgfId=33740" CLASS="footnote">
1</A>
</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33742">
 </A>
&nbsp;</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33743">
 </A>
Crosspoint</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33744">
 </A>
5,440,453</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33745">
 </A>
5,394,103</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33746">
 </A>
5,384,481</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33747">
 </A>
5,322,812</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33748">
 </A>
5,313,119</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33749">
 </A>
5,233,217</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33750">
 </A>
5,221,865</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33751">
 </A>
&nbsp;</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33752">
 </A>
Concurrent</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33753">
 </A>
5,218,240</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33754">
 </A>
5,144,166</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33755">
 </A>
5,089,973</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33756">
 </A>
&nbsp;</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33757">
 </A>
Plus Logic</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33758">
 </A>
5,028,821</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33759">
 </A>
5,023,606</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33760">
 </A>
5,012,135</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33761">
 </A>
4,967,107</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33762">
 </A>
4,940,909</P>
</TD>
<TD ROWSPAN="1" COLSPAN="1">
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33764">
 </A>
Xilinx</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33765">
 </A>
5,436,575</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33766">
 </A>
5,432,719</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33767">
 </A>
5,430,687</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33768">
 </A>
5,430,390</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33769">
 </A>
5,426,379</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33770">
 </A>
5,426,378</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33771">
 </A>
5,422,833</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33772">
 </A>
5,414,377</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33773">
 </A>
5,410,194</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33774">
 </A>
5,410,189</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33775">
 </A>
5,399,925</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33776">
 </A>
5,399,924</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33777">
 </A>
5,394,104</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33778">
 </A>
5,386,154</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33779">
 </A>
5,367,207</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33780">
 </A>
5,365,125</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33781">
 </A>
5,362,999</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33782">
 </A>
5,361,229</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33783">
 </A>
5,360,747</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33784">
 </A>
5,359,536</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33785">
 </A>
5,349,691</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33786">
 </A>
5,349,250</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33787">
 </A>
5,349,249</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33788">
 </A>
5,349,248</P>
<P CLASS="Table">
<A NAME="pgfId=33789">
 </A>