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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content= "application/xhtml+xml; charset=iso-8859-1" /> <title> 11.10. The Bash Shell Startup Files </title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../stylesheets/lfs.css" type="text/css" /> <meta name="generator" content="DocBook XSL Stylesheets V1.69.1" /> <link rel="stylesheet" href="../stylesheets/lfs-print.css" type= "text/css" media="print" /> </head> <body id="lfs" class="CLFS-SVN-20060417-MIPS"> <div class="navheader"> <div class="headertitles"> <h4> Cross-Compiled Linux From Scratch - Version CLFS-SVN-20060417-MIPS </h4> <h3> Chapter 11. Setting Up System Bootscripts </h3> </div> <ul class="headerlinks"> <li class="prev"> <a accesskey="p" href="inputrc.html" title= "Creating the /etc/inputrc File">Prev</a> <p> Creating the /etc/inputrc File </p> </li> <li class="next"> <a accesskey="n" href="hostname.html" title= "Configuring the localnet Script">Next</a> <p> Configuring the localnet Script </p> </li> <li class="up"> <a accesskey="u" href="chapter.html" title= "Chapter 11. Setting Up System Bootscripts">Up</a>. </li> <li class="home"> <a accesskey="h" href="../index.html" title= "Cross-Compiled Linux From Scratch - Version CLFS-SVN-20060417-MIPS"> Home</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="sect1" lang="en" xml:lang="en"> <div class="titlepage"> <h1 class="sect1"> 11.10. The Bash Shell Startup Files </h1> </div> <p> The shell program <span><strong class= "command">/bin/bash</strong></span> (hereafter referred to as “<span class="quote">the shell</span>”) uses a collection of startup files to help create an environment to run in. Each file has a specific use and may affect login and interactive environments differently. The files in the <tt class="filename">/etc</tt> directory provide global settings. If an equivalent file exists in the home directory, it may override the global settings. </p> <p> An interactive login shell is started after a successful login, using <span><strong class="command">/bin/login</strong></span>, by reading the <tt class="filename">/etc/passwd</tt> file. An interactive non-login shell is started at the command-line (e.g., <tt class= "prompt">[prompt]$</tt><span><strong class= "command">/bin/bash</strong></span>). A non-interactive shell is usually present when a shell script is running. It is non-interactive because it is processing a script and not waiting for user input between commands. </p> <p> For more information, see <span><strong class="command">info bash</strong></span> under the <span class="emphasis"><em>Bash Startup Files and Interactive Shells</em></span> section. </p> <p> The files <tt class="filename">/etc/profile</tt> and <tt class= "filename">~/.bash_profile</tt> are read when the shell is invoked as an interactive login shell. </p> <p> The base <tt class="filename">/etc/profile</tt> below sets some environment variables necessary for native language support. Setting them properly results in: </p> <div class="itemizedlist"> <ul> <li> <p> The output of programs translated into the native language </p> </li> <li> <p> Correct classification of characters into letters, digits and other classes. This is necessary for <span><strong class= "command">bash</strong></span> to properly accept non-ASCII characters in command lines in non-English locales </p> </li> <li> <p> The correct alphabetical sorting order for the country </p> </li> <li> <p> Appropriate default paper size </p> </li> <li> <p> Correct formatting of monetary, time, and date values </p> </li> </ul> </div> <p> This script also sets the <tt class="envar">INPUTRC</tt> environment variable that makes Bash and Readline use the <tt class= "filename">/etc/inputrc</tt> file created earlier. </p> <p> Replace <em class="replaceable"><tt>[ll]</tt></em> below with the two-letter code for the desired language (e.g., “<span class= "quote">en</span>”) and <em class= "replaceable"><tt>[CC]</tt></em> with the two-letter code for the appropriate country (e.g., “<span class= "quote">GB</span>”). <em class= "replaceable"><tt>[charmap]</tt></em> should be replaced with the canonical charmap for your chosen locale. </p> <p> The list of all locales supported by Glibc can be obtained by running the following command: </p> <pre class="userinput"><kbd class="command">locale -a</kbd></pre> <p> Locales can have a number of synonyms, e.g. “<span class= "quote">ISO-8859-1</span>” is also referred to as “<span class="quote">iso8859-1</span>” and “<span class="quote">iso88591</span>”. Some applications cannot handle the various synonyms correctly, so it is safest to choose the canonical name for a particular locale. To determine the canonical name, run the following command, where <em class= "replaceable"><tt>[locale name]</tt></em> is the output given by <span><strong class="command">locale -a</strong></span> for your preferred locale (“<span class= "quote">en_GB.iso88591</span>” in our example). </p> <pre class="userinput"><kbd class="command">LC_ALL=<em class="replaceable"><tt>[locale name]</tt></em> locale charmap</kbd></pre> <p> For the “<span class="quote">en_GB.iso88591</span>” locale, the above command will print: </p> <pre class="screen"><tt class="computeroutput">ISO-8859-1</tt></pre> <p> This results in a final locale setting of “<span class= "quote">en_GB.ISO-8859-1</span>”. It is important that the locale found using the heuristic above is tested prior to it being added to the Bash startup files: </p> <pre class="userinput"><kbd class="command">LC_ALL=[locale name] locale countryLC_ALL=[locale name] locale languageLC_ALL=[locale name] locale charmapLC_ALL=[locale name] locale int_curr_symbolLC_ALL=[locale name] locale int_prefix</kbd></pre> <p> The above commands should print the country and language names, the character encoding used by the locale, the local currency and the prefix to dial before the telephone number in order to get into the country. If any of the commands above fail with a message similar to the one shown below, this means that your locale was either not installed in Chapter 6 or is not supported by the default installation of Glibc. </p> <pre class="screen"><tt class="computeroutput">locale: Cannot set LC_* to default locale: No such file or directory</tt></pre> <p> If this happens, you should either install the desired locale using the <span><strong class="command">localedef</strong></span> command, or consider choosing a different locale. Further instructions assume that there are no such error messages from Glibc. </p> <p> Some packages beyond LFS may also lack support for your chosen locale. One example is the X library (part of the X Window System), which outputs the following error message: </p> <pre class="screen"><tt class="computeroutput">Warning: locale not supported by Xlib, locale set to C</tt></pre> <p> Sometimes it is possible to fix this by removing the charmap part of the locale specification, as long as that does not change the character map that Glibc associates with the locale (this can be checked by running the <span><strong class="command">locale charmap</strong></span> command in both locales). For example, one would have to change "de_DE.ISO-8859-15@euro" to "de_DE@euro" in order to get this locale recognized by Xlib. </p> <p> Other packages can also function incorrectly (but may not necessarily display any error messages) if the locale name does not meet their expectations. In those cases, investigating how other Linux distributions support your locale might provide some useful information. </p> <p> Once the proper locale settings have been determined, create the <tt class="filename">/etc/profile</tt> file: </p> <pre class="userinput"><kbd class="command">cat > /etc/profile << "EOF"<tt class="literal"># Begin /etc/profileexport LANG=<em class="replaceable"><tt>[ll]</tt></em>_<em class="replaceable"><tt>[CC]</tt></em>.<em class="replaceable"><tt>[charmap]</tt></em>export INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc# End /etc/profile</tt>EOF</kbd></pre> <div class="note"> <div class="admonhead"> <img alt="[Note]" src="../images/note.png" /> <h3 class="admontitle"> Note </h3> </div> <div class="admonbody"> <p> The “<span class="quote">C</span>” (default) and “<span class="quote">en_US</span>” (the recommended one for United States English users) locales are different. </p> </div> </div> <p> Setting the keyboard layout, screen font, and locale-related environment variables are the only internationalization steps needed to support locales that use ordinary single-byte encodings and left-to-right writing direction. More complex cases (including UTF-8 based locales) require additional steps and additional patches because many applications tend to not work properly under such conditions. These steps and patches are not included in the LFS book and such locales are not yet supported by LFS. </p> </div> <div class="navfooter"> <ul> <li class="prev"> <a accesskey="p" href="inputrc.html" title= "Creating the /etc/inputrc File">Prev</a> <p> Creating the /etc/inputrc File </p> </li> <li class="next"> <a accesskey="n" href="hostname.html" title= "Configuring the localnet Script">Next</a> <p> Configuring the localnet Script </p> </li> <li class="up"> <a accesskey="u" href="chapter.html" title= "Chapter 11. Setting Up System Bootscripts">Up</a>. </li> <li class="home"> <a accesskey="h" href="../index.html" title= "Cross-Compiled Linux From Scratch - Version CLFS-SVN-20060417-MIPS"> Home</a>. </li> </ul> </div> </body></html>⌨️ 快捷键说明
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