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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?><!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Strict//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-strict.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en"><head><!-- XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX This file is generated from xml source: DO NOT EDIT XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX --><title>Glossary - Apache HTTP Server</title><link href="./style/css/manual.css" rel="stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="Main stylesheet" /><link href="./style/css/manual-loose-100pc.css" rel="alternate stylesheet" media="all" type="text/css" title="No Sidebar - Default font size" /><link href="./style/css/manual-print.css" rel="stylesheet" media="print" type="text/css" /><link href="./images/favicon.ico" rel="shortcut icon" /></head><body id="manual-page" class="no-sidebar"><div id="page-header"><p class="menu"><a href="./mod/">Modules</a> | <a href="./mod/directives.html">Directives</a> | <a href="./faq/">FAQ</a> | <a href="./glossary.html">Glossary</a> | <a href="./sitemap.html">Sitemap</a></p><p class="apache">Apache HTTP Server Version 2.0</p><img alt="" src="./images/feather.gif" /></div><div class="up"><a href="./"><img title="<-" alt="<-" src="./images/left.gif" /></a></div><div id="path"><a href="http://www.apache.org/">Apache</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/">HTTP Server</a> > <a href="http://httpd.apache.org/docs-project/">Documentation</a> > <a href="./">Version 2.0</a></div><div id="page-content"><div id="preamble"><h1>Glossary</h1><div class="toplang"><p><span>Available Languages: </span><a href="./de/glossary.html" hreflang="de" rel="alternate" title="Deutsch"> de </a> |<a href="./en/glossary.html" title="English"> en </a> |<a href="./es/glossary.html" hreflang="es" rel="alternate" title="Espa駉l"> es </a> |<a href="./ko/glossary.html" hreflang="ko" rel="alternate" title="Korean"> ko </a></p></div> <p>This glossary defines some of the common terminology related to Apache in particular, and web serving in general. More information on each concept is provided in the links.</p> </div><div class="top"><a href="#page-header"><img alt="top" src="./images/up.gif" /></a></div><div class="section"><h2><a name="definitions" id="definitions">Definitions</a></h2> <dl> <dt><a name="accesscontrol" id="accesscontrol">Access Control</a></dt> <dd>The restriction of access to network realms. In an Apache context usually the restriction of access to certain <em>URLs</em>.<br /> See: <a href="howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization, and Access Control</a> </dd> <dt><a name="algorithm" id="algorithm">Algorithm</a></dt> <dd>An unambiguous formula or set of rules for solving a problem in a finite number of steps. Algorithms for encryption are usually called <dfn>Ciphers</dfn>. </dd> <dt><a name="apacheextensiontool" id="apacheextensiontool">APache eXtension Tool</a> <a name="apxs" id="apxs">(apxs)</a></dt> <dd>A perl script that aids in compiling <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#module">module</a> sources into Dynamic Shared Objects (<span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#dso">DSO</a>s) and helps install them in the Apache Web server.<br /> See: Manual Page: <code class="program"><a href="./programs/apxs.html">apxs</a></code> </dd> <dt><a name="authentication" id="authentication">Authentication</a></dt> <dd>The positive identification of a network entity such as a server, a client, or a user.<br /> See: <a href="howto/auth.html">Authentication, Authorization, and Access Control</a> </dd> <dt><a name="certificate" id="certificate">Certificate</a></dt> <dd>A data record used for authenticating network entities such as a server or a client. A certificate contains X.509 information pieces about its owner (called the subject) and the signing <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#certificationauthority">Certification Authority</a> (called the issuer), plus the owner's <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#publickey">public key</a> and the signature made by the CA. Network entities verify these signatures using CA certificates.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a> </dd> <dt><a name="certificatsigningrequest" id="certificatsigningrequest">Certificate Signing Request</a> <a name="csr" id="csr">(CSR)</a></dt> <dd>An unsigned <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#certificate">certificate</a> for submission to a <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#certificationauthority">Certification Authority</a>, which signs it with the <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#privatekey">Private Key</a> of their CA <em>Certificate</em>. Once the CSR is signed, it becomes a real certificate.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a> </dd> <dt><a name="certificationauthority" id="certificationauthority">Certification Authority</a> <a name="ca" id="ca">(CA)</a></dt> <dd>A trusted third party whose purpose is to sign certificates for network entities it has authenticated using secure means. Other network entities can check the signature to verify that a CA has authenticated the bearer of a certificate.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a> </dd> <dt><a name="cipher" id="cipher">Cipher</a></dt> <dd>An algorithm or system for data encryption. Examples are DES, IDEA, RC4, etc.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a> </dd> <dt><a name="ciphertext" id="ciphertext">Ciphertext</a></dt> <dd>The result after <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#plaintext">Plaintext</a> is passed through a <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#cipher">Cipher</a>.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a> </dd> <dt><a name="commongatewayinterface" id="commongatewayinterface">Common Gateway Interface</a> <a name="cgi" id="cgi">(CGI)</a></dt> <dd>A standard definition for an interface between a web server and an external program that allows the external program to service requests. The interface was originally defined by <a href="http://hoohoo.ncsa.uiuc.edu/cgi/overview.html">NCSA</a> but there is also an <a href="http://cgi-spec.golux.com/">RFC project</a>.<br /> See: <a href="howto/cgi.html">Dynamic Content with CGI</a> </dd> <dt><a name="configurationdirective" id="configurationdirective">Configuration Directive</a></dt> <dd>See: <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#directive">Directive</a></dd> <dt><a name="configurationfile" id="configurationfile">Configuration File</a></dt> <dd>A text file containing <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#directive">Directives</a> that control the configuration of Apache.<br /> See: <a href="configuring.html">Configuration Files</a> </dd> <dt><a name="connect" id="connect">CONNECT</a></dt> <dd>An HTTP <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#method">method</a> for proxying raw data channels over HTTP. It can be used to encapsulate other protocols, such as the SSL protocol. </dd> <dt><a name="context" id="context">Context</a></dt> <dd>An area in the <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#configurationfile">configuration files</a> where certain types of <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#directive">directives</a> are allowed.<br /> See: <a href="mod/directive-dict.html#Context">Terms Used to Describe Apache Directives</a> </dd> <dt><a name="digitalsignature" id="digitalsignature">Digital Signature</a></dt> <dd>An encrypted text block that validates a certificate or other file. A <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#certificationauthority">Certification Authority</a> creates a signature by generating a hash of the <em>Public Key</em> embedded in a <em>Certificate</em>, then encrypting the hash with its own <em>Private Key</em>. Only the CA's public key can decrypt the signature, verifying that the CA has authenticated the network entity that owns the <em>Certificate</em>.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a> </dd> <dt><a name="directive" id="directive">Directive</a></dt> <dd>A configuration command that controls one or more aspects of Apache's behavior. Directives are placed in the <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#configurationfile">Configuration File</a><br /> See: <a href="mod/directives.html">Directive Index</a> </dd> <dt><a name="dynamicsharedobject" id="dynamicsharedobject">Dynamic Shared Object</a> <a name="dso" id="dso">(DSO)</a></dt> <dd><span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#module">Modules</a> compiled separately from the Apache <code class="program"><a href="./programs/httpd.html">httpd</a></code> binary that can be loaded on-demand.<br /> See: <a href="dso.html">Dynamic Shared Object Support</a> </dd> <dt><a name="environmentvariable" id="environmentvariable">Environment Variable</a> <a name="env-variable" id="env-variable">(env-variable)</a></dt> <dd>Named variables managed by the operating system shell and used to store information and communicate between programs. Apache also contains internal variables that are referred to as environment variables, but are stored in internal Apache structures, rather than in the shell environment.<br /> See: <a href="env.html">Environment Variables in Apache</a> </dd> <dt><a name="export-crippled" id="export-crippled">Export-Crippled</a></dt> <dd>Diminished in cryptographic strength (and security) in order to comply with the United States' Export Administration Regulations (EAR). Export-crippled cryptographic software is limited to a small key size, resulting in <em>Ciphertext</em> which usually can be decrypted by brute force.<br /> See: <a href="ssl/">SSL/TLS Encryption</a> </dd> <dt><a name="filter" id="filter">Filter</a></dt> <dd>A process that is applied to data that is sent or received by the server. Input filters process data sent by the client to the server, while output filters process documents on the server before they are sent to the client. For example, the <code>INCLUDES</code> output filter processes documents for <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#ssi">Server Side Includes</a>.<br /> See: <a href="filter.html">Filters</a> </dd> <dt><a name="fully-qualifieddomain-name" id="fully-qualifieddomain-name">Fully-Qualified Domain-Name</a> <a name="fqdn" id="fqdn">(FQDN)</a></dt> <dd>The unique name of a network entity, consisting of a hostname and a domain name that can resolve to an IP address. For example, <code>www</code> is a hostname, <code>example.com</code> is a domain name, and <code>www.example.com</code> is a fully-qualified domain name. </dd> <dt><a name="handler" id="handler">Handler</a></dt> <dd>An internal Apache representation of the action to be performed when a file is called. Generally, files have implicit handlers, based on the file type. Normally, all files are simply served by the server, but certain file types are "handled" separately. For example, the <code>cgi-script</code> handler designates files to be processed as <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#cgi">CGIs</a>.<br /> See: <a href="handler.html">Apache's Handler Use</a> </dd> <dt><a name="hash" id="hash">Hash</a></dt> <dd>A mathematical one-way, irreversable algorithm generating a string with fixed-length from another string of any length. Different input strings will usually produce different hashes (depending on the hash function). </dd> <dt><a name="header" id="header">Header</a></dt> <dd>The part of the <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#http">HTTP</a> request and response that is sent before the actual content, and that contains meta-information describing the content. </dd> <dt><a name="htaccess" id="htaccess">.htaccess</a></dt> <dd>A <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#configurationfile">configuration file</a> that is placed inside the web tree and applies configuration <span title="see glossary">→</span> <a href="./glossary.html#directive">directives</a> to the directory where it is placed and all sub-directories. Despite its name, this file can hold⌨️ 快捷键说明
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