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<b>Data Structures and Algorithms
with Object-Oriented Design Patterns in C++</b><br>
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<H1><A NAME="SECTION007100000000000000000">Stacks</A></H1>
<P>
<P><A NAME="5587"> </A><A NAME="figclasses2"> </A> <IMG WIDTH=575 HEIGHT=201 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure5583" SRC="img703.gif" tppabs="http://dictator.uwaterloo.ca/Bruno.Preiss/books/opus4/html/img703.gif" ><BR>
<STRONG>Figure:</STRONG> Object Class Hierarchy<BR>
<P>
<P>
The simplest of all the containers is a <em>stack</em><A NAME=5591> </A>.
A stack is a container which provides exactly one function, <tt>Push</tt>,
for putting objects into the container;
and one function, <tt>Pop</tt>,
for taking objects out of the container.
Figure <A HREF="page131.html#figstack" tppabs="http://dictator.uwaterloo.ca/Bruno.Preiss/books/opus4/html/page131.html#figstack"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="gif" SRC="cross_ref_motif.gif" tppabs="http://dictator.uwaterloo.ca/Bruno.Preiss/books/opus4/icons/cross_ref_motif.gif"></A> illustrates the basic idea.
<P>
<P><A NAME="5769"> </A><A NAME="figstack"> </A> <IMG WIDTH=575 HEIGHT=335 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="figure5595" SRC="img704.gif" tppabs="http://dictator.uwaterloo.ca/Bruno.Preiss/books/opus4/html/img704.gif" ><BR>
<STRONG>Figure:</STRONG> Basic Stack Operations<BR>
<P>
<P>
Objects which are stored in stack are kept in a pile.
The last item put into the stack is a the top.
When an item is pushed into a stack,
it is placed at the top of the pile.
When an item popped,
it is always the top item which is removed.
Since it is always the last item to be put into the stack
that is the first item to be removed,
a stack is a <em>last-in, first-out</em><A NAME=5773> </A>
or <em>LIFO</em><A NAME=5775> </A> data structure.
<P>
In addition to the <tt>Push</tt> and <tt>Pop</tt> operations,
the typical stack implementation also provides
an accessor called <tt>Top</tt> which returns the item at the top of the
stack without removing it from the stack.
<P>
Program <A HREF="page131.html#progstack1h" tppabs="http://dictator.uwaterloo.ca/Bruno.Preiss/books/opus4/html/page131.html#progstack1h"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="gif" SRC="cross_ref_motif.gif" tppabs="http://dictator.uwaterloo.ca/Bruno.Preiss/books/opus4/icons/cross_ref_motif.gif"></A> gives the <tt>Stack</tt> abstract class definition.
The <tt>Stack</tt> class is derived from the <tt>Container</tt> class.
Hence, its interface comprises all of the member functions
inherited from the base class plus the three member functions
<tt>Push</tt>, <tt>Pop</tt>, and <tt>Top</tt>.
Notice also that the <tt>Stack</tt> class is an abstract class.
The functions <tt>Push</tt>, <tt>Pop</tt>, and <tt>Top</tt>
are declared as pure virtual functions.
<P>
<P><A NAME="6267"> </A><A NAME="progstack1h"> </A> <IMG WIDTH=575 HEIGHT=143 ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="program5790" SRC="img705.gif" tppabs="http://dictator.uwaterloo.ca/Bruno.Preiss/books/opus4/html/img705.gif" ><BR>
<STRONG>Program:</STRONG> <tt>Stack</tt> Class Definition<BR>
<P>
<P>
When implementing a data structure,
the first issue to be addressed
is to select the foundational data structure(s) to use.
Often, the choice is between an array-based implementation
and a pointer-based implementation.
The next two sections show an array-based implementation of stacks
which uses the <tt>Array<T></tt> class introduced in Chapter <A HREF="page79.html#chapfds" tppabs="http://dictator.uwaterloo.ca/Bruno.Preiss/books/opus4/html/page79.html#chapfds"><IMG ALIGN=BOTTOM ALT="gif" SRC="cross_ref_motif.gif" tppabs="http://dictator.uwaterloo.ca/Bruno.Preiss/books/opus4/icons/cross_ref_motif.gif"></A>
and a pointer-based implementation which uses the <tt>LinkedList<T></tt> class.
<P>
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<UL>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html3529" HREF="page132.html#SECTION007110000000000000000" tppabs="http://dictator.uwaterloo.ca/Bruno.Preiss/books/opus4/html/page132.html#SECTION007110000000000000000">Array Implementation</A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html3530" HREF="page138.html#SECTION007120000000000000000" tppabs="http://dictator.uwaterloo.ca/Bruno.Preiss/books/opus4/html/page138.html#SECTION007120000000000000000">Linked List Implementation</A>
<LI> <A NAME="tex2html3531" HREF="page144.html#SECTION007130000000000000000" tppabs="http://dictator.uwaterloo.ca/Bruno.Preiss/books/opus4/html/page144.html#SECTION007130000000000000000">Applications</A>
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