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<title>Substituting and Inserting Text</title>
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<td align=right><strong><em><a href="index.html">Top</a></em></strong> <a href="../TOC.html#intro"><strong><em>Contents</em></strong></a> <a href="../alphaIndex.html"><strong><em>Index</em></strong></a> <a href="../glossary.html"><strong><em>Glossary</em></strong></a>
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<h2>4. Substituting and Inserting Text</h2>
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<div align="center"><b><i>Link Summary</i></b></div>
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<dl>
<dt><b><i>Exercise Links</i></b></dt>
</dl>
<ul>
<li><a href="samples/slideSample03.xml">slideSample03.xml</a></li>
<li><a href="work/Echo07-03.log">Echo07-03.log</a></li>
<li><a href="samples/slideSample04.xml">slideSample04.xml</a></li>
<li><a href="work/Echo07-04.log">Echo07-04.log</a></li>
</ul>
<p><b><i>API Links</i></b></p>
<ul>
<li><a href="../../api/internal/com/sun/xml/parser/LexicalEventListener.html">LexicalEventListener</a></li>
</ul>
<p><b><i>Glossary Terms</i></b></p>
<dl>
<dd> <a href="../glossary.html#CDATA">CDATA</a>, <a href="../glossary.html#DTD">DTD</a>,
<a href="../glossary.html#entity">entity</a>, <a href="../glossary.html#entityReference">entity
reference</a></dd>
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<p>The next thing we want to with the parser is to customize it a bit, so you
can see how to get information it usually ignores. But before we can do that,
you're going to need to learn a few more important XML concepts. In this section,
you'll learn about:
<ul>
<li>Handling Special Characters ("<", "&", and so
on)</li>
<p></p>
<li>Handling Text with XML-style syntax</li>
</ul>
<h3><a name="chars"></a>Handling Special Characters</h3>
<p>In XML, an <a href="../glossary.html#entity">entity</a> is an XML structure
(or plain text) that has a name. Referencing the entity by name causes it to
be inserted into the document in place of the
<a href="../glossary.html#entityReference">entity reference</a>. To create an
entity reference, the entity name is surrounded by an ampersand and a semicolon,
like this: </p>
<blockquote>
<pre>&entityName;</pre>
</blockquote>
Later, when you learn how to write a DTD, you'll see that you can define your
own entities, so that <code>&yourEntityName;</code> expands to all the text
you defined for that entity. For now, though, we'll focus on the predefined entities
and character references that don't require any special definitions.
<h4><a name="predefined"></a>Predefined Entities</h4>
<p>An entity reference like <code>&amp;</code> contains a name (in this case,
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