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📄 bash.ps

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(gr)3.215 E .715(oup command)-.45 F F0 5.715(.T)C .715(he return status is the e)-5.715 F .714(xit status of)-.15 F F2(list)3.214 E F0 5.714(.N)C(ote)-5.714 E .219(that unlik)144 727.2 R 2.719(et)-.1 G .219(he metacharacters)-2.719 F F1(\()2.719 E F0(and)2.719 E F1(\))2.719 E F0(,)A F1({)2.719 E F0(and)2.719 E F1(})2.719 E F0(are)2.719E F2 -.37(re)2.72 G .22(served wor).37 F(ds)-.37 E F0 .22(and must occur where a reserv)2.72 F(ed)-.15 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(4)190.955 E 0 Cg EP%%Page: 5 5%%BeginPageSetupBP%%EndPageSetup/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E -.1(wo)144 84 S .257(rd is permitted to be recognized.).1 F .257(Since the)5.257 F 2.757(yd)-.15 G 2.756(on)-2.757 G .256(ot cause a w)-2.756 F .256(ord break, the)-.1 F 2.756(ym)-.15 G .256(ust be separated)-2.756 F(from)144 96 Q/F1 10/Times-Italic@0 SF(list)2.5 E F0(by whitespace or another shell metacharacter)2.5 E(.)-.55 E(\(\()108 112.8 Q F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(\)\))A(The)144124.8 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.551 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 .051(is e)2.551 F-.25(va)-.25 G .051(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F2.552(wu)-.25 G(nder)-2.552 E/F2 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .052(ARITHMETIC EV)2.552 F(ALU)-1.215 E(A-)-.54 E(TION)144 136.8 Q/F3 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .411(If the v)4.911 F .411(alue of the e)-.25 F .411(xpression is \non-zero, the return status is 0; otherwise the return status)-.15 F(is 1.)144 148.8 Q(This is e)5 E(xactly equi)-.15 E -.25(va)-.25 G(lent to).25 E/F4 10/Times-Bold@0 SF(let ")2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)C(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F4(")A F0(.)A F4([[)108 165.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F4(]])2.5 E F0 1.299(Return a status of 0 or 1 depending on the e)144 177.6 R -.25(va)-.25 G1.3(luation of the conditional e).25 F(xpression)-.15 E F1 -.2(ex)3.8 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(.)A 2.274(Expressions are composed of the primaries described belo)144 189.6 R4.773(wu)-.25 G(nder)-4.773 E F2(CONDITION)4.773 E 2.273(AL EXPRES-)-.18F(SIONS)144 201.6 Q F3(.)A F0 -.8(Wo)5.632 G 1.133(rd splitting and pathname e).8 F 1.133(xpansion are not performed on the w)-.15 F 1.133(ords between the)-.1 FF4([[)3.633 E F0(and)144 213.6 Q F4(]])2.964 E F0 2.964(;t)C .464(ilde e)-2.964 F .464(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .464(ariable e)-.25 F .463(xpansion, arithmetic e)-.15 F .463(xpansion, command substi-)-.15 F 1.081(tution, process substitution, and quote remo)144 225.6 R -.25(va)-.15 G3.581(la).25 G 1.081(re performed.)-3.581 F 1.081(Conditional operators such as)6.081 F F4<ad66>3.581 E F0(must be unquoted to be recognized as primaries.)144 237.6 Q(When used with)144 255.6 Q F4([[)2.5 E F0 2.5(,t)C(he)-2.5 E F4(<)2.5 EF0(and)2.5 E F4(>)2.5 E F0(operators sort le)2.5 E(xicographically using the current locale.)-.15 E .503(When the)144273.6 R F4(==)3.003 E F0(and)3.002 E F4(!=)3.002 E F0 .502(operators ar\e used, the string to the right of the operator is considered a pat-)3.002 F 1.224(tern and matched according to the rules described belo)144285.6 R 3.724(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.724 E F4 -.1(Pa)3.724 G(tter).1 E 3.725(nM)-.15 G(atching)-3.725 E F0 6.225(.I)C 3.725(ft)-6.225 G 1.225(he shell)-3.725 F(option)144 297.6 Q F4(nocasematch)3.405 E F0 .904(is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.405 F -.05(ga)-.15 G.904(rd to the case of alphabetic).05 F 2.751(characters. The)144 309.6R .251(return v)2.751 F .251(alue is 0 if the string matches \()-.25 FF4(==)A F0 2.751(\)o)C 2.751(rd)-2.751 G .251(oes not match \()-2.751 FF4(!=)A F0 2.751(\)t)C .252(he pattern, and)-2.751 F 2.5(1o)144 321.6 S2.5(therwise. An)-2.5 F 2.5(yp)-.15 G(art of the pattern may be quoted \to force it to be matched as a string.)-2.5 E .243(An additional binary operator)144 339.6 R(,)-.4 E F4(=~)2.743 E F02.743(,i)C 2.743(sa)-2.743 G -.25(va)-2.943 G .243(ilable, with the same precedence as).25 F F4(==)2.743 E F0(and)2.743 EF4(!=)2.743 E F0 5.243(.W)C .243(hen it is)-5.243 F 1.953(used, the string to the right of the operator is considered an e)144351.6 R 1.954(xtended re)-.15 F 1.954(gular e)-.15 F 1.954(xpression and)-.15 F .207(matched accordingly \(as in)144 363.6 R F1-.37(re)2.707 G -.1(ge)-.03 G(x)-.1 E F0 2.707(\(3\)\). The)B .207(return v)2.707 F .207(alue is 0 if the string matches the pattern, and 1)-.25 F 3.345(otherwise. If)144 375.6 R .845(the re)3.345 F .845(gular e)-.15 F .846(xpression is syntactically incorrect, the conditional e)-.15 F(xpression')-.15 E 3.346(sr)-.55 G(eturn)-3.346 E -.25(va)144 387.6 S.667(lue is 2.).25 F .667(If the shell option)5.667 F F4(nocasematch)3.167 E F0 .667(is enabled, the match is performed without re)3.167 F-.05(ga)-.15 G .666(rd to).05 F .378(the case of alphabetic characters.)144 399.6 R(An)5.378 E 2.878(yp)-.15 G .378(art of the pattern may be quoted to force it to be matched)-2.878 F.265(as a string.)144 411.6 R .265(Substrings matched by parenthesized sube)5.265 F .265(xpressions within the re)-.15 F .265(gular e)-.15 F .265(xpression are)-.15 F(sa)144 423.6 Q -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.096(di).15 G 3.097(nt)-3.096 G.597(he array v)-3.097 F(ariable)-.25 E F2 -.27(BA)3.097 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F3(.)A F0 .597(The element of)5.097 F F2 -.27(BA)3.097 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0 .597(with inde)2.847 F 3.097(x0i)-.15 G(s)-3.097 E .049(the portion of the string matching the entire re)144 435.6R .049(gular e)-.15 F 2.549(xpression. The)-.15 F .049(element of)2.549F F2 -.27(BA)2.549 G(SH_REMA).27 E(TCH)-.855 E F0(with inde)144 447.6 Q(x)-.15 E F1(n)2.5 E F0(is the portion of the string matching the)2.5 EF1(n)2.5 E F0(th parenthesized sube)A(xpression.)-.15 E .785(Expressions may be combined using the follo)144 465.6 R .786(wing operators, listed in decreasing order of prece-)-.25 F(dence:)144477.6 Q F4(\()144 495.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F4(\))2.5 E F0 .523(Returns the v)180 507.6 R .522(alue of)-.25 F F1 -.2(ex)3.022 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 5.522(.T)C .522(his may be used to o)-5.522 F -.15(ve)-.15 G .522(rride the normal precedence of).15 F(operators.)180 519.6 Q F4(!)144 531.6 Q F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 543.6 S(ue if).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession)-.37 E F0(is f)2.74 E(alse.)-.1 E F1 -.2(ex)144 555.6 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F4(&&)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0-.35(Tr)180 567.6 S(ue if both).35 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0(and)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(are true.)2.52 E F1 -.2(ex)144 579.6 S(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F4(||)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 -.35(Tr)180 591.6 S(ue if either).35E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0(or)2.5 E F1 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0(is true.)2.52 E(The)144 608.4 Q F4(&&)3.64 E F0(and)3.64 E F4(||)3.64 E F0 1.14(operators do not e)3.64 F -.25(va)-.25G(luate).25 E F1 -.2(ex)3.641 G(pr).2 E(ession2)-.37 E F0 1.141(if the v)3.641 F 1.141(alue of)-.25 F F1 -.2(ex)3.641 G(pr).2 E(ession1)-.37 E F0 1.141(is suf)3.641 F 1.141(\214cient to)-.25 F(determine the return v)144 620.4 Q(alue of the entire conditional e)-.25 E(xpression.)-.15 E F4 -.25(fo)108 637.2 S(r).25 E F1(name)2.5 E F02.5([[)2.5 G F4(in)A F0([)2.5 E F1(wor)2.5 E 2.5(d.)-.37 G(..)-2.5 E F02.5(]];])2.5 G F4(do)A F1(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F4(done)2.5 E F0 .424(The list of w)144 649.2 R .424(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F4(in)2.924E F0 .423(is e)2.924 F .423(xpanded, generating a list of items.)-.15 F.423(The v)5.423 F(ariable)-.25 E F1(name)2.923 E F0 .423(is set to)2.923 F .653(each element of this list in turn, and)144 661.2 R F1(list)3.153 E F0 .653(is e)3.153 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .653(cuted each time.).15 F.653(If the)5.653 F F4(in)3.153 E F1(wor)3.153 E(d)-.37 E F0 .653(is omitted, the)3.153 F F4 -.25(fo)3.153 G(r).25 E F0 .649(command e)144 673.2 R -.15(xe)-.15 G(cutes).15 E F1(list)3.149 E F0 .648(once for each positional parameter that is set \(see)3.148 F F2 -.666(PA)3.148 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.898 E(w\).)-.25 E .153(The return status is the e)144 685.2 R .153(xit status of the last command that e)-.15 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.654(cutes. If).15 F .154(the e)2.654 F .154(xpansion of the items)-.15 F(follo)144 697.2 Q(wing)-.25 E F4(in)2.5 E F0(results in an empty list, no commands are e)2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted, and the return status is 0.).15 E(GNU Bash-4.2)72 768 Q(2010 December 28)135.965 E(5)190.955 E 0 Cg EP%%Page: 6 6%%BeginPageSetupBP%%EndPageSetup/F0 10/Times-Roman@0 SF -.35(BA)72 48 S 389.54(SH\(1\) B).35 F(ASH\(1\))-.35 E/F1 10/Times-Bold@0 SF -.25(fo)108 84 S(r).25 E F0(\(\()2.5 E/F210/Times-Italic@0 SF -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr1).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr2).2 E F0(;)2.5 E F2 -.2(ex)2.5 G(pr3).2 E F0(\)\) ;)2.5 E F1(do)2.5E F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 1.236(First, the arithmetic e)144 96 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.736 G(pr1).2 E F0 1.235(is e)3.736 F -.25(va)-.25 G 1.235(luated according to the rules described belo).25 F 3.735(wu)-.25 G(nder)-3.735 E/F3 9/Times-Bold@0 SF .561(ARITHMETIC EV)144 108 R(ALU)-1.215 E -.855(AT)-.54 G(ION).855 E/F4 9/Times-Roman@0 SF(.)A F0 .561(The arithmetic e)5.061 F(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)3.061 G(pr2).2 E F0.562(is then e)3.062 F -.25(va)-.25 G .562(luated repeatedly until).25 F.592(it e)144 120 R -.25(va)-.25 G .592(luates to zero.).25 F .592(Each time)5.592 F F2 -.2(ex)3.092 G(pr2).2 E F0 -.25(eva)3.092 G .592(luates to a non-zero v).25 F(alue,)-.25 E F2(list)3.092 E F0 .591(is e)3.092 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .591(cuted and the arith-).15 F .228(metic e)144132 R(xpression)-.15 E F2 -.2(ex)2.728 G(pr3).2 E F0 .229(is e)2.728 F-.25(va)-.25 G 2.729(luated. If).25 F(an)2.729 E 2.729(ye)-.15 G .229(xpression is omitted, it beha)-2.879 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 2.729(sa).15 G2.729(si)-2.729 G 2.729(fi)-2.729 G 2.729(te)-2.729 G -.25(va)-2.979 G.229(luates to 1.).25 F .228(The return v)144 144 R .228(alue is the e)-.25 F .228(xit status of the last command in)-.15 F F2(list)2.728 E F0.227(that is e)2.728 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .227(cuted, or f).15 F .227(alse if an)-.1 F 2.727(yo)-.15 G 2.727(ft)-2.727 G(he)-2.727 E -.15(ex)144 156 S(pressions is in).15 E -.25(va)-.4 G(lid.).25 E F1(select)108172.8 Q F2(name)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(in)2.5 E F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F02.5(];)2.5 G F1(do)A F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)2.5 E F1(done)2.5 E F0 .432(The list of w)144 184.8 R .432(ords follo)-.1 F(wing)-.25 E F1(in)2.932E F0 .432(is e)2.932 F .432(xpanded, generating a list of items.)-.15 F.433(The set of e)5.433 F .433(xpanded w)-.15 F(ords)-.1 E .843(is printed on the standard error)144 196.8 R 3.342(,e)-.4 G .842(ach preceded by a number)-3.342 F 5.842(.I)-.55 G 3.342(ft)-5.842 G(he)-3.342 E F1(in)3.342 E F2(wor)3.342 E(d)-.37 E F0 .842(is omitted, the posi-)3.342 F .201(tional parameters are printed \(see)144 208.8 R F3 -.666(PA)2.701 G(RAMETERS).666 E F0(belo)2.451 E 2.701(w\). The)-.25 F F3(PS3)2.701 E F0 .201(prompt is then displayed and a)2.451 F .214(line read from the standard input.)144 220.8 R .213(If the line consists of a number corresponding to one of the dis-)5.214F 1.537(played w)144 232.8 R 1.537(ords, then the v)-.1 F 1.537(alue of)-.25 F F2(name)4.397 E F0 1.537(is set to that w)4.217 F 4.037(ord. If)-.1 F 1.538(the line is empty)4.038 F 4.038(,t)-.65 G 1.538(he w)-4.038F 1.538(ords and)-.1 F .066(prompt are displayed ag)144 244.8 R 2.566(ain. If)-.05 F .065(EOF is read, the command completes.)2.566 F(An)5.065 E 2.565(yo)-.15 G .065(ther v)-2.565 F .065(alue read causes)-.25F F2(name)144 256.8 Q F0 .972(to be set to null.)3.652 F .972(The line read is sa)5.972 F -.15(ve)-.2 G 3.473(di).15 G 3.473(nt)-3.473 G .973(he v)-3.473 F(ariable)-.25 E F3(REPL)3.473 E(Y)-.828 E F4(.)A F0(The)5.473 E F2(list)3.563 E F0 .973(is e)4.153 F -.15(xe)-.15 G.973(cuted after).15 F .072(each selection until a)144 268.8 R F1(br)2.571 E(eak)-.18 E F0 .071(command is e)2.571 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.571(cuted. The).15 F -.15(ex)2.571 G .071(it status of).15 F F1(select)2.571 E F0 .071(is the e)2.571 F .071(xit status of the)-.15 F(last command e)144 280.8 Q -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 EF0 2.5(,o).68 G 2.5(rz)-2.5 G(ero if no commands were e)-2.5 E -.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted.).15 E F1(case)108 297.6 Q F2(wor)2.5 E(d)-.37 E F1(in)2.5E F0 2.5([[)2.5 G(\(])-2.5 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(|)2.5 E F2(pattern)2.5 E F0 2.5(].)2.5 G(.. \))-2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(;; ] ...)2.5 E F1(esac)2.5 E F0(A)144 309.6 Q F1(case)3.264 E F0 .764(command \214rst e)3.264 F(xpands)-.15 E F2(wor)3.264 E(d)-.37 E F03.264(,a)C .764(nd tries to match it ag)-3.264 F .764(ainst each)-.05 FF2(pattern)3.264 E F0 .765(in turn, using the)3.264 F .596(same matching rules as for pathname e)144 321.6 R .595(xpansion \(see)-.15 F F1 -.1(Pa)3.095 G .595(thname Expansion).1 F F0(belo)3.095 E3.095(w\). The)-.25 F F2(wor)3.095 E(d)-.37 E F0(is)3.095 E -.15(ex)144333.6 S 1.092(panded using tilde e).15 F 1.092(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F 1.092(ariable e)-.25 F 1.092(xpansion, arithmetic substitution, com-)-.15 F 1.268(mand substitution, process substitution and quote remo)144 345.6 R -.25(va)-.15 G 3.768(l. Each).25 F F2(pattern)3.768 E F0 -.15(ex)3.768 G1.268(amined is e).15 F(xpanded)-.15 E .353(using tilde e)144 357.6 R.353(xpansion, parameter and v)-.15 F .353(ariable e)-.25 F .353(xpansion, arithmetic substitution, command substi-)-.15 F 1.517(tution, and process substitution.)144 369.6 R 1.517(If the shell option)6.517 F F1(nocasematch)4.016 E F0 1.516(is enabled, the match is per)4.016 F(-)-.2 E 1.346(formed without re)144 381.6 R -.05(ga)-.15 G 1.346(rd to the case of alphabetic characters.).05 F 1.347(When a match is found, the corre-)6.347 F(sponding)144 393.6 Q F2(list)2.777 E F0 .277(is e)2.777 F -.15(xe)-.15 G 2.777(cuted. If).15 F(the)2.777 E F1(;;)2.777 E F0 .277(operator is used, no subsequent matches are attempted after the)2.777 F.848(\214rst pattern match.)144 405.6 R(Using)5.848 E F1(;&)3.348 E F0.849(in place of)3.349 F F1(;;)3.349 E F0 .849(causes e)3.349 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .849(cution to continue with the).15 F F2(list)3.349 E F0(associated)3.349 E .078(with the ne)144 417.6 R .078(xt set of patterns.)-.15 F(Using)5.078 E F1(;;&)2.578 E F0 .078(in place of)2.578 F F1(;;)2.578 E F0 .077(causes the shell to test the ne)2.578 F .077(xt pattern list in)-.15 F.227(the statement, if an)144 429.6 R 1.527 -.65(y, a)-.15 H .227(nd e).65 F -.15(xe)-.15 G .227(cute an).15 F 2.727(ya)-.15 G(ssociated)-2.727E F2(list)2.727 E F0 .227(on a successful match.)2.727 F .227(The e)5.227 F .227(xit status is zero)-.15 F(if no pattern matches.)144 441.6Q(Otherwise, it is the e)5 E(xit status of the last command e)-.15 E-.15(xe)-.15 G(cuted in).15 E F2(list)2.5 E F0(.)A F1(if)108 458.4 Q F2(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list;)2.5 E F0([)2.5 E F1(elif)2.5 EF2(list)2.5 E F0(;)A F1(then)2.5 E F2(list)2.5 E F0 2.5(;].)C(.. [)-2.5

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