item_003.htm
来自「C++程序编写规范,适合C++中级读者」· HTM 代码 · 共 243 行
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<h3><span lang=EN-US>3. </span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial'>使用版本控制系统（</span><span lang=EN-US>version
control system</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:Arial;
mso-hansi-font-family:Arial'>）。</span></h3>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>摘要</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>好记性不如烂笔头（中国谚语）：请使用版本控制系统（</span><span
lang=EN-US>VCS</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>）。不要长时间</span><span lang=EN-US>check
out</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>文件。在更新过单元测试并测试通过后，要赶紧</span><span
lang=EN-US>check in</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>。要确保刚</span><span
lang=EN-US>check in</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>的文件不会导致构建失败。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>讨论</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>几乎所有像样的项目都需要一个以上的程序员和一个星期以上的时间。在这样的项目中，你<i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>将来会</i>需要在同一个文件的不同版本间进行比较，以确定在什么时候（以及是谁）做的改动。你<i
style='mso-bidi-font-style:normal'>将来会</i>需要对源代码的改动进行控制和管理。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>如果有多个开发人员，那么他们会并行地改动源文件，可能会同时改动同一个文件的不同部分。你需要自动化的工具来管理文件的</span><span
lang=EN-US>checkout</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>，保存文件的不同版本，有时还需要合并（</span><span
lang=EN-US>merge</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>）在同一时刻对同一个文件所做的改动。</span><span
lang=EN-US>VCS</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>可以自动地控制文件的</span><span lang=EN-US>checkout</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>，保存文件的不同的版本，以及合并在同一时刻对同一个文件所做的改动。</span><span lang=EN-US>VCS</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>比你手动做做得更快更好。而且你也没有时间浪费在这种杂事上面——你要开发软件。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>每一个开发人员都有“原来如此！”和“怎么回事？”的时候，需要知道错虫或改动是什么时候产生的，以及为什么会产生。你也一样。</span><span
lang=EN-US>VCS</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>会自动保存每个文件的历史记录，并让你</span> <span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>“回到过去”。问题不在于你是否需要查看历史记录，而在于什么时候。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>不要让构建失败。</span><span lang=EN-US>VCS</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>中的代码始终应该能够构建成功。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>有大量现成的</span><span lang=EN-US>VCS</span><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>，没有理由不用。其中最便宜，最流行的是</span><span class=SpellE><span
lang=EN-US>cvs</span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>（参见参考资料）。这是一个非常灵活的工具，它的特性包括通过</span><span
lang=EN-US>TCP/IP</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>访问，增强的安全性（可选，只需用安全的</span><span
lang=EN-US>shell <span class=SpellE>ssh</span></span><span style='font-family:
宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>协议作为后端），易于管理（通过脚本语言），甚至还有图形界面。其它许多</span><span
lang=EN-US>VCS</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>产品要么将</span><span class=SpellE><span
lang=EN-US>cvs</span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:
"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>作为一个标准来模拟，要么就在</span><span
class=SpellE><span lang=EN-US>cvs</span></span><span style='font-family:宋体;
mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>之上开发新的功能。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><b style='mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span
style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:
"Times New Roman"'>例外</span></b></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>如果一个项目只有一个程序员，从项目开始到结束只需要一周的时间，那么这个项目可能不用</span><span
lang=EN-US>VCS</span><span style='font-family:宋体;mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman"'>也能完成。</span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class=MsoNormal><span lang=EN-US><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
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