ch17.htm

美国Macmillan出版社编写的Perl教程《Perl CGI Web Pages for WINNT》

descriptions and alternatives. Computer professionals are in a
position of special trust, and therefore have a special responsibility
to provide objective, credible evaluations to employers, clients,
users, and the public. When providing evaluations the professional
must also identify any relevant conflicts of interest, as stated
in imperative 1.3.
<P>
As noted in the discussion of principle 1.2 on avoiding harm,
any signs of danger from systems must be reported to those who
have opportunity and/or responsibility to resolve them. See the
guidelines for imperative 1.2 for more details concerning harm,
including the reporting of professional violations.
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<TABLE>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>2.6</TD><TD>Honor contracts, agreements, and assigned responsibilities.</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
Honoring one's commitments is a matter of integrity and honesty.
For the computer professional this includes ensuring that system
elements perform as intended. Also, when one contracts for work
with another party, one has an obligation to keep that party properly
informed about progress toward completing that work.
<P>
A computing professional has a responsibility to request a change
in any assignment that he or she feels cannot be completed as
defined. Only after serious consideration and with full disclosure
of risks and concerns to the employer or client, should one accept
the assignment. The major underlying principle here is the obligation
to accept personal accountability for professional work. On some
occasions other ethical principles may take greater priority.
<P>
A judgment that a specific assignment should not be performed
may not be accepted. Having clearly identified one's concerns
and reasons for that judgment, but failing to procure a change
in that assignment, one may yet be obligated, by contract or by
law, to proceed as directed. The computing professional's ethical
judgment should be the final guide in deciding whether or not
to proceed. Regardless of the decision, one must accept the responsibility
for the consequences.
<P>
However, performing assignments &quot;against one's own judgment&quot;
does not relieve the professional of responsibility for any negative
consequences. 
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<TABLE>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>2.7</TD><TD>Improve public understanding of computing and its consequences.
</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
Computing professionals have a responsibility to share technical
knowledge with the public by encouraging understanding of computing,
including the impacts of computer systems and their limitations.
This imperative implies an obligation to counter any false views
related to computing.
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<TABLE>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>2.8</TD><TD>Access computing and communication resources only when
authorized to do so.</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
Theft or destruction of tangible and electronic property is prohibited
by imperative 1.2-&quot;Avoid harm to others.&quot; Trespassing
and unauthorized use of a computer or communication system is
addressed by this imperative. Trespassing includes accessing communication
networks and computer systems, or accounts and/or files associated
with those systems, without explicit authorization to do so. Individuals
and organizations have the right to restrict access to their systems
so long as they do not violate the discrimination principle (see
1.4). No one should enter or use another's computer system, software,
or data files without permission. One must always have appropriate
approval before using system resources, including .rm57 communication
ports, file space, other system peripherals, and computer time.
<H3><A NAME="ORGANIZATIONALLEADERSHIPIMPERATIVES2">
3. ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP IMPERATIVES</A></H3>
<P>
As an ACM member and an organizational leader, I will...
<P>
(BACKGROUND NOTE:This section draws extensively from the draft
IFIP Code of Ethics, especially its sections on organizational
ethics and international concerns. The ethical obligations of
organizations tend to be neglected in most codes of professional
conduct, perhaps because these codes are written from the perspective
of the individual member. This dilemma is addressed by stating
these imperatives from the perspective of the organizational leader.
In this context&quot;leader&quot; is viewed as any organizational
member who has leadership or educational responsibilities. These
imperatives generally may apply to organizations as well as their
leaders. In this context &quot;organizations&quot; are corporations,
government agencies, and other &quot;employers,&quot; as well
as volunteer professional organizations.)
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<TABLE>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>3.1</TD><TD>Articulate social responsibilities of members of an organizational
unit and encourage full acceptance of those responsibilities.</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
Because organizations of all kinds have impacts on the public,
they must accept responsibilities to society. Organizational procedures
and attitudes oriented toward quality and the welfare of society
will reduce harm to members of the public, thereby serving public
interest and fulfilling social responsibility. Therefore, organizational
leaders must encourage full participation in meeting social responsibilities
as well as quality performance. 
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<TABLE>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>3.2</TD><TD>Manage personnel and resources to design and build information
systems that enhance the quality of working life. </TD></TR>
</TABLE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
Organizational leaders are responsible for ensuring that computer
systems enhance, not degrade, the quality of working life.  When
implementing a computer system, organizations must consider the
personal and professional development, physical safety, and human
dignity of all workers. Appropriate human-computer ergonomic standards
should be considered in system design and in the workplace. 
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<TABLE>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>3.3</TD><TD>Acknowledge and support proper and authorized uses of an organization's
computing and communication resources. </TD></TR>
</TABLE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
Because computer systems can become tools to harm as well as to
benefit an organization, the leadership has the responsibility
to clearly define appropriate and inappropriate uses of organizational
computing resources. While the number and scope of such rules
should be minimal, they should be fully enforced when established.
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<TABLE>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>3.4</TD><TD>Ensure that users and those who will be affected by a system
have their needs clearly articulated during the assessment and
design of requirements; later the system must be validated to
meet requirements.</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
Current system users, potential users and other persons whose
lives may be affected by a system must have their needs assessed
and incorporated in the statement of requirements. System validation
should ensure compliance with those requirements.
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<TABLE>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>3.5</TD><TD>Articulate and support policies that protect the dignity of
users and others effected by a computing system. </TD></TR>
</TABLE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
Designing or implementing systems that deliberately or inadvertently
demean individuals or groups is ethically unacceptable. Computer
professionals who are in decision making positions should verify
that systems are designed and implemented to protect personal
privacy and enhance personal dignity. 
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<TABLE>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>3.6</TD><TD>Create opportunities for members of the organization to learn
the principles and limitations of computer systems.</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
This complements the imperative on public understanding (2.7).
Educational opportunities are essential to facilitate optimal
participation of all organizational members. Opportunities must
be available to all members to help them improve their knowledge
and skills in computing, including courses that familiarize them
with the consequences and limitations of particular types of systems.
In particular, professionals must be made aware of the dangers
of building systems around oversimplified models, the improbability
of anticipating and designing for every possible operating condition,
and other issues related to the complexity of this profession.
<H3><A NAME="COMPLIANCEWITHTHECODE2">
4.  COMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE</A></H3>
<P>
As an ACM member I will...
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<TABLE>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>4.1</TD><TD>Uphold and promote the principles of this Code.</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
The future of the computing profession depends on both technical
and ethical excellence. Not only is it important for ACM computing
professionals to adhere to the principles expressed in this Code,
each member should encourage and support adherence by other members.
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<TABLE>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>4.2</TD><TD>Treat violations of this code as inconsistent with membership
in the ACM.</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
Adherence of professionals to a code of ethics is largely a voluntary
matter. However, if a member does not follow this code by engaging
in gross misconduct, membership in ACM may be terminated.
<P>
This Code and the supplemental Guidelines were developed by the
Task Force for the Revision of the ACM Code of Ethics and Professional
Conduct: Ronald E. Anderson, Chair, Gerald Engel, Donald Gotterbarn,
Grace C. Hertlein, Alex Hoffman, Bruce Jawer, Deborah G. Johnson,
Doris K. Lidtke, Joyce Currie Little, Dianne Martin, Donn B. Parker,
Judith A. Perrolle, and Richard S. Rosenberg. The Task Force was
organized by ACM/SIGCAS and funding was provided by the ACM SIG
Discretionary Fund.  This Code and the supplemental Guidelines
were adopted by the ACM Council on October 16, 1992.
<HR>

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