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<TITLE>Appendix -- C</TITLE>
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<H1><FONT SIZE=6 COLOR=#FF0000>Appendix C</FONT></H1>
<HR>
<P>
<CENTER><B><FONT SIZE=5><A NAME="CONTENTS">CONTENTS</A></FONT></B></CENTER>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#ProfessionalEthicsampCommonWarnings">
Professional Ethics & Common Warnings</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#GENERALMORALIMPERATIVES1">
1. GENERAL MORAL IMPERATIVES</A>
<LI><A HREF="#MORESPECIFICPROFESSIONALRESPONSIBILITIES">
2. MORE SPECIFIC PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES </A>
<LI><A HREF="#ORGANIZATIONALLEADERSHIPIMPERATIVES1">
3. ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP IMPERATIVES </A>
<LI><A HREF="#COMPLIANCEWITHTHECODE1">
4. COMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE </A>
</UL>
<LI><A HREF="#GUIDELINES">
GUIDELINES</A>
<UL>
<LI><A HREF="#GENERALMORALIMPERATIVES2">
1. GENERAL MORAL IMPERATIVES</A>
<LI><A HREF="#ORGANIZATIONALLEADERSHIPIMPERATIVES2">
3. ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP IMPERATIVES</A>
<LI><A HREF="#COMPLIANCEWITHTHECODE2">
4. COMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE</A>
</UL>
</UL>
<HR>
<H2><A NAME="ProfessionalEthicsampCommonWarnings"><FONT SIZE=5 COLOR=#FF0000>
Professional Ethics & Common Warnings</FONT></A></H2>
<P>
Though not often commented on, those of us in the computer industry,
like any other, should concern ourselves with a set of professional
ethics to guide our decisions. An ethical code of conduct should
include the expectations that we have of ourselves, and those
we deal with on a professional basis. Several computer-based organizations
like the Data Processing Management Association (DPMA), the British
Computer Society (BCS) and the Association for Computing Machinery
(ACM) have all set down a professional code of ethics. There are
six main elements to these ethics which are frequently covered:
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<TABLE>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>1.1</TD><TD>Respecting the dignity and worth of another individual.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>1.2</TD><TD>Bringing personal integrity and honesty to each project.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>1.3</TD><TD>Keeping information in the strictest confidence.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>1.4</TD><TD>Being responsible for one's work.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>1.5</TD><TD>Awareness of the public's safety, health, and general welfare.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>1.6</TD><TD>Understanding that access to both information and technology
are important in a social context as tools of personal power.</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
As an example of these professional ideals for both the computer
professional and organization, this is the listing of the oldest
computer society's ideals, the ACM's Canon's of Conduct (ACM Code
of Ethics and Professional Conduct reprinted here with permission
from ACM):
<H2>ACM Code of Ethics and Professional Conduct*</H2>
<P>
© Copyright 1996 by ACM
<P>
Preamble. Commitment to ethical professional conduct is expected
of every member (voting members, associate members, and student
members) of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM).
<P>
This Code, consisting of 24 imperatives formulated as statements
of personal responsibility, identifies the elements of such a
commitment. It contains many, but not all, issues professionals
are likely to face. Section 1 outlines fundamental ethical considerations,
while Section 2 addresses additional, more specific considerations
of professional conduct. Statements in Section 3
<P>
*Adopted by ACM Council 10/16/92.
<P>
pertain more specifically to individuals who have a leadership
role, whether in the workplace or in a volunteer capacity such
as with organizations like ACM. Principles involving compliance
with this Code are given in Section 4.
<P>
The Code shall be supplemented by a set of Guidelines, which provide
explanation to assist members in dealing with the various issues
contained in the Code. It is expected that the Guidelines will
be changed more frequently than the Code.
<P>
The Code and its supplemented Guidelines are intended to serve
as a basis for ethical decision making in the conduct of professional
work.
<P>
Secondarily, they may serve as a basis for judging the merit of
a formal complaint pertaining to violation of professional ethical
standards.
<P>
It should be noted that although computing is not mentioned in
the imperatives of section 1.0, the Code is concerned with how
these fundamental imperatives apply to one's conduct as a computing
professional.
<P>
These imperatives are expressed in a general form to emphasize
that ethical principles which apply to computer ethics are derived
from more general ethical principles.
<P>
It is understood that some words and phrases in a code of ethics
are subject to varying interpretations, and that any ethical principle
may conflict with other ethical principles in specific situations.
Questions related to ethical conflicts can best be answered by
thoughtful consideration of fundamental principles, rather than
reliance on detailed regulations.
<H3><A NAME="GENERALMORALIMPERATIVES1">
1. GENERAL MORAL IMPERATIVES</A></H3>
<P>
As an ACM member I will...
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<TABLE>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>1.1</TD><TD>Contribute to society and human well-being.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>1.2</TD><TD>Avoid harm to others.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>1.3</TD><TD>Be honest and trustworthy.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>1.4</TD><TD>Be fair and take action not to discriminate.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>1.5</TD><TD>Honor property rights including copyrights and patents.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>1.6</TD><TD>Give proper credit for intellectual property.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>1.7</TD><TD>Respect the privacy of others.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>1.8</TD><TD>Honor confidentiality.</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
<H3><A NAME="MORESPECIFICPROFESSIONALRESPONSIBILITIES">
2. MORE SPECIFIC PROFESSIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES </A></H3>
<P>
As an ACM computing professional I will...
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<TABLE>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>2.1</TD><TD>Strive to achieve the highest quality, effectiveness, and
dignity in both the process and products of professional work.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>2.2</TD><TD>Acquire and maintain professional competence.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>2.3</TD><TD>Know and respect existing laws pertaining to professional
work.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>2.4</TD><TD>Accept and provide appropriate professional review.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>2.5</TD><TD>Give comprehensive and thorough evaluations of computer systems
and their impacts, including analysis of possible risks.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>2.6</TD><TD>Honor contracts, agreements, and assigned responsibilities.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>2.7</TD><TD>Improve public understanding of computing and its consequences.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>2.8</TD><TD>Access computing and communication resources only when authorized
to do so.</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<H3><A NAME="ORGANIZATIONALLEADERSHIPIMPERATIVES1">
3. ORGANIZATIONAL LEADERSHIP IMPERATIVES </A></H3>
<P>
As an ACM member and an organizational leader, I will...
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<TABLE>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>3.1</TD><TD>Articulate social responsibilities of members of an organizational
unit and encourage full acceptance of those responsibilities.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>3.2</TD><TD>Manage personnel and resources to design and build information
systems that enhance the quality of working life.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>3.3</TD><TD>Acknowledge and support proper and authorized uses of an organization's
computing and communication resources.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>3.4</TD><TD>Ensure that users and those who will be affected by a system
have their needs clearly articulated during the assessment and
design of requirements; later the system must be validated to
meet requirements.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>3.5</TD><TD>Articulate and support policies that protect the dignity of
users and others affected by a computing system.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>3.6</TD><TD>Create opportunities for members of the organization to learn
the principles and limitations of computer systems.</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<H3><A NAME="COMPLIANCEWITHTHECODE1">
4. COMPLIANCE WITH THE CODE </A></H3>
<P>
As an ACM member, I will...
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<TABLE>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>4.1</TD><TD>Uphold and promote the principles of this Code.</TD></TR>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>4.2</TD><TD>Treat violations of this code as inconsistent with membership
in the ACM.</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<H2><A NAME="GUIDELINES"><FONT SIZE=5 COLOR=#FF0000>
GUIDELINES</FONT></A></H2>
<H3><A NAME="GENERALMORALIMPERATIVES2">
1. GENERAL MORAL IMPERATIVES</A></H3>
<P>
As an ACM member I will...
<P>
<BLOCKQUOTE>
<TABLE>
<TR VALIGN=TOP><TD WIDTH=30>1.1</TD><TD>Contribute to society and human well-being.</TD></TR>
</TABLE>
</BLOCKQUOTE>
<P>
This principle concerning the quality of life of all people affirms
an obligation to protect fundamental human rights and to respect
the diversity of all cultures. An essential aim of computing professionals
is to minimize negative consequences of computing systems, including
threats to health and safety. When designing or implementing systems,
computing professionals must attempt to ensure that the products
of their efforts will be used in socially responsible ways, will
meet social needs, and will avoid harmful effects to health and
welfare.
<P>
In addition to a safe social environment, human well-being includes
a safe natural environment. Therefore, computing professionals
who design and develop systems must be alert to, and make others
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