basic_string.h

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       *  @return  Read-only (const) reference to the character.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a n is an invalid index.
       *
       *  This function provides for safer data access.  The parameter is
       *  first checked that it is in the range of the string.  The function
       *  throws out_of_range if the check fails.
       */
      const_reference
      at(size_type __n) const
      {
	if (__n >= this->size())
	  __throw_out_of_range(__N("basic_string::at"));
	return _M_data()[__n];
      }

      /**
       *  @brief  Provides access to the data contained in the %string.
       *  @param n The index of the character to access.
       *  @return  Read/write reference to the character.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a n is an invalid index.
       *
       *  This function provides for safer data access.  The parameter is
       *  first checked that it is in the range of the string.  The function
       *  throws out_of_range if the check fails.  Success results in
       *  unsharing the string.
       */
      reference
      at(size_type __n)
      {
	if (__n >= size())
	  __throw_out_of_range(__N("basic_string::at"));
	_M_leak();
	return _M_data()[__n];
      }

      // Modifiers:
      /**
       *  @brief  Append a string to this string.
       *  @param str  The string to append.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      basic_string&
      operator+=(const basic_string& __str)
      { return this->append(__str); }

      /**
       *  @brief  Append a C string.
       *  @param s  The C string to append.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      basic_string&
      operator+=(const _CharT* __s)
      { return this->append(__s); }

      /**
       *  @brief  Append a character.
       *  @param c  The character to append.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      basic_string&
      operator+=(_CharT __c)
      { 
	this->push_back(__c);
	return *this;
      }

      /**
       *  @brief  Append a string to this string.
       *  @param str  The string to append.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      basic_string&
      append(const basic_string& __str);

      /**
       *  @brief  Append a substring.
       *  @param str  The string to append.
       *  @param pos  Index of the first character of str to append.
       *  @param n  The number of characters to append.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range if @a pos is not a valid index.
       *
       *  This function appends @a n characters from @a str starting at @a pos
       *  to this string.  If @a n is is larger than the number of available
       *  characters in @a str, the remainder of @a str is appended.
       */
      basic_string&
      append(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos, size_type __n);

      /**
       *  @brief  Append a C substring.
       *  @param s  The C string to append.
       *  @param n  The number of characters to append.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      basic_string&
      append(const _CharT* __s, size_type __n);

      /**
       *  @brief  Append a C string.
       *  @param s  The C string to append.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      basic_string&
      append(const _CharT* __s)
      {
	__glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
	return this->append(__s, traits_type::length(__s));
      }

      /**
       *  @brief  Append multiple characters.
       *  @param n  The number of characters to append.
       *  @param c  The character to use.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *
       *  Appends n copies of c to this string.
       */
      basic_string&
      append(size_type __n, _CharT __c);

      /**
       *  @brief  Append a range of characters.
       *  @param first  Iterator referencing the first character to append.
       *  @param last  Iterator marking the end of the range.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *
       *  Appends characters in the range [first,last) to this string.
       */
      template<class _InputIterator>
        basic_string&
        append(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
        { return this->replace(_M_iend(), _M_iend(), __first, __last); }

      /**
       *  @brief  Append a single character.
       *  @param c  Character to append.
       */
      void
      push_back(_CharT __c)
      { 
	const size_type __len = 1 + this->size();
	if (__len > this->capacity() || _M_rep()->_M_is_shared())
	  this->reserve(__len);
	traits_type::assign(_M_data()[this->size()], __c);
	_M_rep()->_M_set_length_and_sharable(__len);
      }

      /**
       *  @brief  Set value to contents of another string.
       *  @param  str  Source string to use.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       */
      basic_string&
      assign(const basic_string& __str);

      /**
       *  @brief  Set value to a substring of a string.
       *  @param str  The string to use.
       *  @param pos  Index of the first character of str.
       *  @param n  Number of characters to use.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range if @a pos is not a valid index.
       *
       *  This function sets this string to the substring of @a str consisting
       *  of @a n characters at @a pos.  If @a n is is larger than the number
       *  of available characters in @a str, the remainder of @a str is used.
       */
      basic_string&
      assign(const basic_string& __str, size_type __pos, size_type __n)
      { return this->assign(__str._M_data()
			    + __str._M_check(__pos, "basic_string::assign"),
			    __str._M_limit(__pos, __n)); }

      /**
       *  @brief  Set value to a C substring.
       *  @param s  The C string to use.
       *  @param n  Number of characters to use.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *
       *  This function sets the value of this string to the first @a n
       *  characters of @a s.  If @a n is is larger than the number of
       *  available characters in @a s, the remainder of @a s is used.
       */
      basic_string&
      assign(const _CharT* __s, size_type __n);

      /**
       *  @brief  Set value to contents of a C string.
       *  @param s  The C string to use.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *
       *  This function sets the value of this string to the value of @a s.
       *  The data is copied, so there is no dependence on @a s once the
       *  function returns.
       */
      basic_string&
      assign(const _CharT* __s)
      {
	__glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
	return this->assign(__s, traits_type::length(__s));
      }

      /**
       *  @brief  Set value to multiple characters.
       *  @param n  Length of the resulting string.
       *  @param c  The character to use.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *
       *  This function sets the value of this string to @a n copies of
       *  character @a c.
       */
      basic_string&
      assign(size_type __n, _CharT __c)
      { return _M_replace_aux(size_type(0), this->size(), __n, __c); }

      /**
       *  @brief  Set value to a range of characters.
       *  @param first  Iterator referencing the first character to append.
       *  @param last  Iterator marking the end of the range.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *
       *  Sets value of string to characters in the range [first,last).
      */
      template<class _InputIterator>
        basic_string&
        assign(_InputIterator __first, _InputIterator __last)
        { return this->replace(_M_ibegin(), _M_iend(), __first, __last); }

      /**
       *  @brief  Insert multiple characters.
       *  @param p  Iterator referencing location in string to insert at.
       *  @param n  Number of characters to insert
       *  @param c  The character to insert.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Inserts @a n copies of character @a c starting at the position
       *  referenced by iterator @a p.  If adding characters causes the length
       *  to exceed max_size(), length_error is thrown.  The value of the
       *  string doesn't change if an error is thrown.
      */
      void
      insert(iterator __p, size_type __n, _CharT __c)
      {	this->replace(__p, __p, __n, __c);  }

      /**
       *  @brief  Insert a range of characters.
       *  @param p  Iterator referencing location in string to insert at.
       *  @param beg  Start of range.
       *  @param end  End of range.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Inserts characters in range [beg,end).  If adding characters causes
       *  the length to exceed max_size(), length_error is thrown.  The value
       *  of the string doesn't change if an error is thrown.
      */
      template<class _InputIterator>
        void
        insert(iterator __p, _InputIterator __beg, _InputIterator __end)
        { this->replace(__p, __p, __beg, __end); }

      /**
       *  @brief  Insert value of a string.
       *  @param pos1  Iterator referencing location in string to insert at.
       *  @param str  The string to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *
       *  Inserts value of @a str starting at @a pos1.  If adding characters
       *  causes the length to exceed max_size(), length_error is thrown.  The
       *  value of the string doesn't change if an error is thrown.
      */
      basic_string&
      insert(size_type __pos1, const basic_string& __str)
      { return this->insert(__pos1, __str, size_type(0), __str.size()); }

      /**
       *  @brief  Insert a substring.
       *  @param pos1  Iterator referencing location in string to insert at.
       *  @param str  The string to insert.
       *  @param pos2  Start of characters in str to insert.
       *  @param n  Number of characters to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a pos1 > size() or
       *  @a pos2 > @a str.size().
       *
       *  Starting at @a pos1, insert @a n character of @a str beginning with
       *  @a pos2.  If adding characters causes the length to exceed
       *  max_size(), length_error is thrown.  If @a pos1 is beyond the end of
       *  this string or @a pos2 is beyond the end of @a str, out_of_range is
       *  thrown.  The value of the string doesn't change if an error is
       *  thrown.
      */
      basic_string&
      insert(size_type __pos1, const basic_string& __str,
	     size_type __pos2, size_type __n)
      { return this->insert(__pos1, __str._M_data()
			    + __str._M_check(__pos2, "basic_string::insert"),
			    __str._M_limit(__pos2, __n)); }

      /**
       *  @brief  Insert a C substring.
       *  @param pos  Iterator referencing location in string to insert at.
       *  @param s  The C string to insert.
       *  @param n  The number of characters to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a pos is beyond the end of this
       *  string.
       *
       *  Inserts the first @a n characters of @a s starting at @a pos.  If
       *  adding characters causes the length to exceed max_size(),
       *  length_error is thrown.  If @a pos is beyond end(), out_of_range is
       *  thrown.  The value of the string doesn't change if an error is
       *  thrown.
      */
      basic_string&
      insert(size_type __pos, const _CharT* __s, size_type __n);

      /**
       *  @brief  Insert a C string.
       *  @param pos  Iterator referencing location in string to insert at.
       *  @param s  The C string to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a pos is beyond the end of this
       *  string.
       *
       *  Inserts the first @a n characters of @a s starting at @a pos.  If
       *  adding characters causes the length to exceed max_size(),
       *  length_error is thrown.  If @a pos is beyond end(), out_of_range is
       *  thrown.  The value of the string doesn't change if an error is
       *  thrown.
      */
      basic_string&
      insert(size_type __pos, const _CharT* __s)
      {
	__glibcxx_requires_string(__s);
	return this->insert(__pos, __s, traits_type::length(__s));
      }

      /**
       *  @brief  Insert multiple characters.
       *  @param pos  Index in string to insert at.
       *  @param n  Number of characters to insert
       *  @param c  The character to insert.
       *  @return  Reference to this string.
       *  @throw  std::length_error  If new length exceeds @c max_size().
       *  @throw  std::out_of_range  If @a pos is beyond the end of this
       *  string.
       *
       *  Inserts @a n copies of character @a c starting at index @a pos.  If
       *  adding characters causes the length to exceed max_size(),
       *  length_error is thrown.  If @a pos > length(), out_of_range is
       *  thrown.  The value of the string doesn't change if an error is
       *  thrown.