rope

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      _Rope_RopeSubstring(_Rope_RopeRep<_CharT, _Alloc>* __b, size_t __s,
                          size_t __l, allocator_type __a)
      : _Rope_RopeFunction<_CharT, _Alloc>(this, __l, false, __a),
        char_producer<_CharT>(), _M_base(__b), _M_start(__s)
      {
#ifndef __GC
	_M_base->_M_ref_nonnil();
#endif
        this->_M_tag = _Rope_constants::_S_substringfn;
      }
    virtual ~_Rope_RopeSubstring() throw()
      {
#ifndef __GC
	_M_base->_M_unref_nonnil();
	// _M_free_c_string();  -- done by parent class
#endif
      }
    };

  // Self-destructing pointers to Rope_rep.
  // These are not conventional smart pointers.  Their
  // only purpose in life is to ensure that unref is called
  // on the pointer either at normal exit or if an exception
  // is raised.  It is the caller's responsibility to
  // adjust reference counts when these pointers are initialized
  // or assigned to.  (This convention significantly reduces
  // the number of potentially expensive reference count
  // updates.)
#ifndef __GC
  template<class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    struct _Rope_self_destruct_ptr
    {
      _Rope_RopeRep<_CharT, _Alloc>* _M_ptr;

      ~_Rope_self_destruct_ptr()
      { _Rope_RopeRep<_CharT, _Alloc>::_S_unref(_M_ptr); }
#ifdef __EXCEPTIONS
      _Rope_self_destruct_ptr() : _M_ptr(0) {};
#else
      _Rope_self_destruct_ptr() {};
#endif
      _Rope_self_destruct_ptr(_Rope_RopeRep<_CharT, _Alloc>* __p)
      : _M_ptr(__p) {}
    
      _Rope_RopeRep<_CharT, _Alloc>&
      operator*()
      { return *_M_ptr; }
    
      _Rope_RopeRep<_CharT, _Alloc>*
      operator->()
      { return _M_ptr; }
    
      operator _Rope_RopeRep<_CharT, _Alloc>*()
      { return _M_ptr; }
    
      _Rope_self_destruct_ptr&
      operator=(_Rope_RopeRep<_CharT, _Alloc>* __x)
      { _M_ptr = __x; return *this; }
    };
#endif

  // Dereferencing a nonconst iterator has to return something
  // that behaves almost like a reference.  It's not possible to
  // return an actual reference since assignment requires extra
  // work.  And we would get into the same problems as with the
  // CD2 version of basic_string.
  template<class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    class _Rope_char_ref_proxy
    {
      friend class rope<_CharT, _Alloc>;
      friend class _Rope_iterator<_CharT, _Alloc>;
      friend class _Rope_char_ptr_proxy<_CharT, _Alloc>;
#ifdef __GC
      typedef _Rope_RopeRep<_CharT, _Alloc>* _Self_destruct_ptr;
#else
      typedef _Rope_self_destruct_ptr<_CharT, _Alloc> _Self_destruct_ptr;
#endif
      typedef _Rope_RopeRep<_CharT, _Alloc> _RopeRep;
      typedef rope<_CharT, _Alloc> _My_rope;
      size_t _M_pos;
      _CharT _M_current;
      bool _M_current_valid;
      _My_rope* _M_root;     // The whole rope.
    public:
      _Rope_char_ref_proxy(_My_rope* __r, size_t __p)
      :  _M_pos(__p), _M_current(), _M_current_valid(false), _M_root(__r) {}

      _Rope_char_ref_proxy(const _Rope_char_ref_proxy& __x)
      : _M_pos(__x._M_pos), _M_current(__x._M_current), _M_current_valid(false), 
	_M_root(__x._M_root) {}

      // Don't preserve cache if the reference can outlive the
      // expression.  We claim that's not possible without calling
      // a copy constructor or generating reference to a proxy
      // reference.  We declare the latter to have undefined semantics.
      _Rope_char_ref_proxy(_My_rope* __r, size_t __p, _CharT __c)
      : _M_pos(__p), _M_current(__c), _M_current_valid(true), _M_root(__r) {}

      inline operator _CharT () const;

      _Rope_char_ref_proxy&
      operator=(_CharT __c);
    
      _Rope_char_ptr_proxy<_CharT, _Alloc> operator&() const;
      
      _Rope_char_ref_proxy&
      operator=(const _Rope_char_ref_proxy& __c)
      { return operator=((_CharT)__c); }
    };

  template<class _CharT, class __Alloc>
    inline void
    swap(_Rope_char_ref_proxy <_CharT, __Alloc > __a,
	 _Rope_char_ref_proxy <_CharT, __Alloc > __b)
    {
      _CharT __tmp = __a;
      __a = __b;
      __b = __tmp;
    }

  template<class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    class _Rope_char_ptr_proxy
    {
      // XXX this class should be rewritten.
      friend class _Rope_char_ref_proxy<_CharT, _Alloc>;
      size_t _M_pos;
      rope<_CharT,_Alloc>* _M_root;     // The whole rope.
    public:
      _Rope_char_ptr_proxy(const _Rope_char_ref_proxy<_CharT,_Alloc>& __x)
      : _M_pos(__x._M_pos), _M_root(__x._M_root) {}

      _Rope_char_ptr_proxy(const _Rope_char_ptr_proxy& __x)
      : _M_pos(__x._M_pos), _M_root(__x._M_root) {}

      _Rope_char_ptr_proxy() {}
      
      _Rope_char_ptr_proxy(_CharT* __x)
      : _M_root(0), _M_pos(0) { }

      _Rope_char_ptr_proxy&
      operator=(const _Rope_char_ptr_proxy& __x)
      {
        _M_pos = __x._M_pos;
        _M_root = __x._M_root;
        return *this;
      }

      template<class _CharT2, class _Alloc2>
        friend bool
        operator==(const _Rope_char_ptr_proxy<_CharT2, _Alloc2>& __x,
		   const _Rope_char_ptr_proxy<_CharT2, _Alloc2>& __y);

      _Rope_char_ref_proxy<_CharT, _Alloc> operator*() const
      { return _Rope_char_ref_proxy<_CharT, _Alloc>(_M_root, _M_pos); }
    };

  // Rope iterators:
  // Unlike in the C version, we cache only part of the stack
  // for rope iterators, since they must be efficiently copyable.
  // When we run out of cache, we have to reconstruct the iterator
  // value.
  // Pointers from iterators are not included in reference counts.
  // Iterators are assumed to be thread private.  Ropes can
  // be shared.
  
  template<class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    class _Rope_iterator_base
    : public iterator<std::random_access_iterator_tag, _CharT>
    {
      friend class rope<_CharT, _Alloc>;
    public:
      typedef _Alloc _allocator_type; // used in _Rope_rotate, VC++ workaround
      typedef _Rope_RopeRep<_CharT, _Alloc> _RopeRep;
      // Borland doesn't want this to be protected.
    protected:
      enum { _S_path_cache_len = 4 }; // Must be <= 9.
      enum { _S_iterator_buf_len = 15 };
      size_t _M_current_pos;
      _RopeRep* _M_root;     // The whole rope.
      size_t _M_leaf_pos;    // Starting position for current leaf
      __GC_CONST _CharT* _M_buf_start;
                             // Buffer possibly
                             // containing current char.
      __GC_CONST _CharT* _M_buf_ptr;
                             // Pointer to current char in buffer.
                             // != 0 ==> buffer valid.
      __GC_CONST _CharT* _M_buf_end;
                             // One past __last valid char in buffer.
      // What follows is the path cache.  We go out of our
      // way to make this compact.
      // Path_end contains the bottom section of the path from
      // the root to the current leaf.
      const _RopeRep* _M_path_end[_S_path_cache_len];
      int _M_leaf_index;     // Last valid __pos in path_end;
                             // _M_path_end[0] ... _M_path_end[leaf_index-1]
                             // point to concatenation nodes.
      unsigned char _M_path_directions;
                          // (path_directions >> __i) & 1 is 1
                          // iff we got from _M_path_end[leaf_index - __i - 1]
                          // to _M_path_end[leaf_index - __i] by going to the
                          // __right. Assumes path_cache_len <= 9.
      _CharT _M_tmp_buf[_S_iterator_buf_len];
                        // Short buffer for surrounding chars.
                        // This is useful primarily for
                        // RopeFunctions.  We put the buffer
                        // here to avoid locking in the
                        // multithreaded case.
      // The cached path is generally assumed to be valid
      // only if the buffer is valid.
      static void _S_setbuf(_Rope_iterator_base& __x);
                                        // Set buffer contents given
                                        // path cache.
      static void _S_setcache(_Rope_iterator_base& __x);
                                        // Set buffer contents and
                                        // path cache.
      static void _S_setcache_for_incr(_Rope_iterator_base& __x);
                                        // As above, but assumes path
                                        // cache is valid for previous posn.
      _Rope_iterator_base() {}

      _Rope_iterator_base(_RopeRep* __root, size_t __pos)
      : _M_current_pos(__pos), _M_root(__root), _M_buf_ptr(0) {}

      void _M_incr(size_t __n);
      void _M_decr(size_t __n);
    public:
      size_t
      index() const
      { return _M_current_pos; }
    
      _Rope_iterator_base(const _Rope_iterator_base& __x)
      {
        if (0 != __x._M_buf_ptr)
	  *this = __x;
	else
	  {
            _M_current_pos = __x._M_current_pos;
            _M_root = __x._M_root;
            _M_buf_ptr = 0;
	  }
      }
    };

  template<class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    class _Rope_iterator;

  template<class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    class _Rope_const_iterator
    : public _Rope_iterator_base<_CharT, _Alloc>
    {
      friend class rope<_CharT, _Alloc>;
    protected:
      typedef _Rope_RopeRep<_CharT, _Alloc> _RopeRep;
      // The one from the base class may not be directly visible.
      _Rope_const_iterator(const _RopeRep* __root, size_t __pos)
      : _Rope_iterator_base<_CharT, _Alloc>(const_cast<_RopeRep*>(__root),
					    __pos)
                   // Only nonconst iterators modify root ref count
      {}
  public:
      typedef _CharT reference;   // Really a value.  Returning a reference
                                  // Would be a mess, since it would have
                                  // to be included in refcount.
      typedef const _CharT* pointer;

    public:
      _Rope_const_iterator() {};

      _Rope_const_iterator(const _Rope_const_iterator& __x)
      : _Rope_iterator_base<_CharT,_Alloc>(__x) { }

      _Rope_const_iterator(const _Rope_iterator<_CharT,_Alloc>& __x);
    
      _Rope_const_iterator(const rope<_CharT, _Alloc>& __r, size_t __pos)
      : _Rope_iterator_base<_CharT,_Alloc>(__r._M_tree_ptr, __pos) { }

      _Rope_const_iterator&
      operator=(const _Rope_const_iterator& __x)
      {
        if (0 != __x._M_buf_ptr)
	  *(static_cast<_Rope_iterator_base<_CharT, _Alloc>*>(this)) = __x;
	else
	  {
            this->_M_current_pos = __x._M_current_pos;
            this->_M_root = __x._M_root;
            this->_M_buf_ptr = 0;
	  }
        return(*this);
      }

      reference
      operator*()
      {
        if (0 == this->_M_buf_ptr)
	  _S_setcache(*this);
        return *this->_M_buf_ptr;
      }
      
      _Rope_const_iterator&
      operator++()
      {
        __GC_CONST _CharT* __next;
        if (0 != this->_M_buf_ptr
	    && (__next = this->_M_buf_ptr + 1) < this->_M_buf_end)
	  {
            this->_M_buf_ptr = __next;
            ++this->_M_current_pos;
	  }
	else
	  this->_M_incr(1);
	return *this;
      }

      _Rope_const_iterator&
      operator+=(ptrdiff_t __n)
      {
        if (__n >= 0)
	  this->_M_incr(__n);
	else
	  this->_M_decr(-__n);
	return *this;
      }

      _Rope_const_iterator&
      operator--()
      {
        this->_M_decr(1);
        return *this;
      }

      _Rope_const_iterator&
      operator-=(ptrdiff_t __n)
      {
        if (__n >= 0)
	  this->_M_decr(__n);
	else
	  this->_M_incr(-__n);
	return *this;
      }

      _Rope_const_iterator
      operator++(int)
      {
        size_t __old_pos = this->_M_current_pos;
        this->_M_incr(1);
        return _Rope_const_iterator<_CharT,_Alloc>(this->_M_root, __old_pos);
        // This makes a subsequent dereference expensive.
        // Perhaps we should instead copy the iterator
        // if it has a valid cache?
      }

      _Rope_const_iterator
      operator--(int)
      {
        size_t __old_pos = this->_M_current_pos;
        this->_M_decr(1);
        return _Rope_const_iterator<_CharT,_Alloc>(this->_M_root, __old_pos);
      }

      template<class _CharT2, class _Alloc2>
        friend _Rope_const_iterator<_CharT2, _Alloc2>
        operator-(const _Rope_const_iterator<_CharT2, _Alloc2>& __x,
		  ptrdiff_t __n);

      template<class _CharT2, class _Alloc2>
        friend _Rope_const_iterator<_CharT2, _Alloc2>
        operator+(const _Rope_const_iterator<_CharT2, _Alloc2>& __x,
		  ptrdiff_t __n);

      template<class _CharT2, class _Alloc2>
        friend _Rope_const_iterator<_CharT2, _Alloc2>
        operator+(ptrdiff_t __n,
		  const _Rope_const_iterator<_CharT2, _Alloc2>& __x);

      reference
      operator[](size_t __n)
      { return rope<_CharT, _Alloc>::_S_fetch(this->_M_root,
					      this->_M_current_pos + __n); }

      template<class _CharT2, class _Alloc2>
        friend bool
        operator==(const _Rope_const_iterator<_CharT2, _Alloc2>& __x,
		   const _Rope_const_iterator<_CharT2, _Alloc2>& __y);

      template<class _CharT2, class _Alloc2>
        friend bool
        operator<(const _Rope_const_iterator<_CharT2, _Alloc2>& __x,
		  const _Rope_const_iterator<_CharT2, _Alloc2>& __y);

      template<class _CharT2, class _Alloc2>
        friend ptrdiff_t
        operator-(const _Rope_const_iterator<_CharT2, _Alloc2>& __x,
		  const _Rope_const_iterator<_CharT2, _Alloc2>& __y);
    };

  template<class _CharT, class _Alloc>
    class _Rope_iterator
    : public _Rope_iterator_base<_CharT, _Alloc>
    {
      friend class rope<_CharT, _Alloc>;
    protected:
      typedef typename _Rope_iterator_base<_CharT, _Alloc>::_RopeRep _RopeRep;
      rope<_CharT, _Alloc>* _M_root_rope;
        // root is treated as a cached version of this,
        // and is used to detect changes to the underlying
        // rope.
        // Root is included in the reference count.
        // This is necessary so that we can detect changes reliably.
        // Unfortunately, it requires careful bookkeeping for the
        // nonGC case.
      _Rope_iterator(rope<_CharT, _Alloc>* __r, size_t __pos)
      : _Rope_iterator_base<_CharT, _Alloc>(__r->_M_tree_ptr, __pos),
        _M_root_rope(__r)
      { _RopeRep::_S_ref(this->_M_root);
        if (!(__r -> empty()))
	  _S_setcache(*this);
      }

      void _M_check();
    public:
      typedef _Rope_char_ref_proxy<_CharT, _Alloc>  reference;
      typedef _Rope_char_ref_proxy<_CharT, _Alloc>* pointer;

    public:
      rope<_CharT, _Alloc>&
      container()
      { return *_M_root_rope; }

      _Rope_iterator()