intrinsic.texi

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@ignore
Copyright (C) 2005
Free Software Foundation, Inc.
This is part of the GFORTRAN manual.   
For copying conditions, see the file gfortran.texi.

Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Invariant Sections being ``GNU General Public License'' and ``Funding
Free Software'', the Front-Cover texts being (a) (see below), and with
the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see below).  A copy of the license is
included in the gfdl(7) man page.


Some basic guidelines for editing this document:

  (1) The intrinsic procedures are to be listed in alphabetical order.
  (2) The generic name is to be use.
  (3) The specific names are included in the function index and in a
      table at the end of the node (See ABS entry).
  (4) Try to maintain the same style for each entry.


@end ignore

@node Intrinsic Procedures
@chapter Intrinsic Procedures
@cindex Intrinsic Procedures

This portion of the document is incomplete and undergoing massive expansion 
and editing.  All contributions and corrections are strongly encouraged. 

@menu
* Introduction:         Introduction
* @code{ABORT}:         ABORT,     Abort the program     
* @code{ABS}:           ABS,       Absolute value     
* @code{ACHAR}:         ACHAR,     Character in @acronym{ASCII} collating sequence
* @code{ACOS}:          ACOS,      Arc cosine function
* @code{ADJUSTL}:       ADJUSTL,   Left adjust a string
* @code{ADJUSTR}:       ADJUSTR,   Right adjust a string
* @code{AIMAG}:         AIMAG,     Imaginary part of complex number
* @code{AINT}:          AINT,      Truncate to a whole number
* @code{ALARM}:         ALARM,     Set an alarm clock
* @code{ALL}:           ALL,       Determine if all values are true
* @code{ALLOCATED}:     ALLOCATED, Status of allocatable entity
* @code{ANINT}:         ANINT,     Nearest whole number
* @code{ANY}:           ANY,       Determine if any values are true
* @code{ASIN}:          ASIN,      Arcsine function
* @code{ASSOCIATED}:    ASSOCIATED, Status of a pointer or pointer/target pair
* @code{ATAN}:          ATAN,      Arctangent function
* @code{ATAN2}:         ATAN2,     Arctangent function
* @code{BESJ0}:         BESJ0,     Bessel function of the first kind of order 0
* @code{BESJ1}:         BESJ1,     Bessel function of the first kind of order 1
* @code{BESJN}:         BESJN,     Bessel function of the first kind
* @code{BESY0}:         BESY0,     Bessel function of the second kind of order 0
* @code{BESY1}:         BESY1,     Bessel function of the second kind of order 1
* @code{BESYN}:         BESYN,     Bessel function of the second kind
* @code{BIT_SIZE}:      BIT_SIZE,  Bit size inquiry function
* @code{BTEST}:         BTEST,     Bit test function
* @code{CEILING}:       CEILING,   Integer ceiling function
* @code{CHAR}:          CHAR,      Character conversion function
* @code{CMPLX}:         CMPLX,     Complex conversion function
* @code{COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT}: COMMAND_ARGUMENT_COUNT,  Command line argument count
* @code{CONJG}:         CONJG,     Complex conjugate function
* @code{COS}:           COS,       Cosine function
* @code{COSH}:          COSH,      Hyperbolic cosine function
* @code{COUNT}:         COUNT,     Count occurrences of .TRUE. in an array
* @code{CPU_TIME}:      CPU_TIME,  CPU time subroutine
* @code{CSHIFT}:        CSHIFT,    Circular array shift function
* @code{CTIME}:         CTIME,     Subroutine (or function) to convert a time into a string
* @code{DATE_AND_TIME}: DATE_AND_TIME, Date and time subroutine
* @code{DBLE}:          DBLE,      Double precision conversion function
* @code{DCMPLX}:        DCMPLX,    Double complex conversion function
* @code{DFLOAT}:        DFLOAT,    Double precision conversion function
* @code{DIGITS}:        DIGITS,    Significant digits function
* @code{DIM}:           DIM,       Dim function
* @code{DOT_PRODUCT}:   DOT_PRODUCT, Dot product function
* @code{DPROD}:         DPROD,     Double product function
* @code{DREAL}:         DREAL,     Double real part function
* @code{DTIME}:         DTIME,     Execution time subroutine (or function)
* @code{EOSHIFT}:       EOSHIFT,   End-off shift function
* @code{EPSILON}:       EPSILON,   Epsilon function
* @code{ERF}:           ERF,       Error function
* @code{ERFC}:          ERFC,      Complementary error function
* @code{ETIME}:         ETIME,     Execution time subroutine (or function)
* @code{EXIT}:          EXIT,      Exit the program with status.
* @code{EXP}:           EXP,       Exponential function
* @code{EXPONENT}:      EXPONENT,  Exponent function
* @code{FDATE}:         FDATE,     Subroutine (or function) to get the current time as a string
* @code{FLOOR}:         FLOOR,     Integer floor function
* @code{FNUM}:          FNUM,      File number function
* @code{FREE}:          FREE,      Memory de-allocation subroutine
* @code{LOC}:           LOC,       Returns the address of a variable
* @code{LOG}:           LOG,       Logarithm function
* @code{LOG10}:         LOG10,     Base 10 logarithm function 
* @code{MALLOC}:        MALLOC,    Dynamic memory allocation function
* @code{REAL}:          REAL,      Convert to real type 
* @code{SECNDS}:        SECNDS,    Time function
* @code{SIGNAL}:        SIGNAL,    Signal handling subroutine (or function)
* @code{SIN}:           SIN,       Sine function
* @code{SINH}:          SINH,      Hyperbolic sine function
* @code{SQRT}:          SQRT,      Square-root function
* @code{TAN}:           TAN,       Tangent function
* @code{TANH}:          TANH,      Hyperbolic tangent function
@end menu

@node Introduction
@section Introduction to intrinsic procedures

Gfortran provides a rich set of intrinsic procedures that includes all
the intrinsic procedures required by the Fortran 95 standard, a set of
intrinsic procedures for backwards compatibility with Gnu Fortran 77
(i.e., @command{g77}), and a small selection of intrinsic procedures
from the Fortran 2003 standard.  Any description here, which conflicts with a 
description in either the Fortran 95 standard or the Fortran 2003 standard,
is unintentional and the standard(s) should be considered authoritative.

The enumeration of the @code{KIND} type parameter is processor defined in
the Fortran 95 standard.  Gfortran defines the default integer type and
default real type by @code{INTEGER(KIND=4)} and @code{REAL(KIND=4)},
respectively.  The standard mandates that both data types shall have
another kind, which have more precision.  On typical target architectures
supported by @command{gfortran}, this kind type parameter is @code{KIND=8}.
Hence, @code{REAL(KIND=8)} and @code{DOUBLE PRECISION} are equivalent.
In the description of generic intrinsic procedures, the kind type parameter
will be specified by @code{KIND=*}, and in the description of specific
names for an intrinsic procedure the kind type parameter will be explicitly
given (e.g., @code{REAL(KIND=4)} or @code{REAL(KIND=8)}).  Finally, for
brevity the optional @code{KIND=} syntax will be omitted.

Many of the intrinsics procedures take one or more optional arguments.
This document follows the convention used in the Fortran 95 standard,
and denotes such arguments by square brackets.

@command{Gfortran} offers the @option{-std=f95} and @option{-std=gnu} options,
which can be used to restrict the set of intrinsic procedures to a 
given standard.  By default, @command{gfortran} sets the @option{-std=gnu}
option, and so all intrinsic procedures described here are accepted.  There
is one caveat.  For a select group of intrinsic procedures, @command{g77}
implemented both a function and a subroutine.  Both classes 
have been implemented in @command{gfortran} for backwards compatibility
with @command{g77}.  It is noted here that these functions and subroutines
cannot be intermixed in a given subprogram.  In the descriptions that follow,
the applicable option(s) is noted.



@node ABORT
@section @code{ABORT} --- Abort the program  
@findex @code{ABORT}
@cindex abort

@table @asis
@item @emph{Description}:
@code{ABORT} causes immediate termination of the program.  On operating
systems that support a core dump, @code{ABORT} will produce a core dump,
which is suitable for debugging purposes.

@item @emph{Option}:
gnu

@item @emph{Class}:
non-elemental subroutine

@item @emph{Syntax}:
@code{CALL ABORT}

@item @emph{Return value}:
Does not return.

@item @emph{Example}:
@smallexample
program test_abort
  integer :: i = 1, j = 2
  if (i /= j) call abort
end program test_abort
@end smallexample
@end table



@node ABS
@section @code{ABS} --- Absolute value  
@findex @code{ABS} intrinsic
@findex @code{CABS} intrinsic
@findex @code{DABS} intrinsic
@findex @code{IABS} intrinsic
@findex @code{ZABS} intrinsic
@findex @code{CDABS} intrinsic
@cindex absolute value

@table @asis
@item @emph{Description}:
@code{ABS(X)} computes the absolute value of @code{X}.

@item @emph{Option}:
f95, gnu

@item @emph{Class}:
elemental function

@item @emph{Syntax}:
@code{X = ABS(X)}

@item @emph{Arguments}:
@multitable @columnfractions .15 .80
@item @var{X} @tab The type of the argument shall be an @code{INTEGER(*)},
@code{REAL(*)}, or @code{COMPLEX(*)}.
@end multitable

@item @emph{Return value}:
The return value is of the same type and
kind as the argument except the return value is @code{REAL(*)} for a
@code{COMPLEX(*)} argument.

@item @emph{Example}:
@smallexample
program test_abs
  integer :: i = -1
  real :: x = -1.e0
  complex :: z = (-1.e0,0.e0)
  i = abs(i)
  x = abs(x)
  x = abs(z)
end program test_abs
@end smallexample

@item @emph{Specific names}:
@multitable @columnfractions .24 .24 .24 .24
@item Name            @tab Argument            @tab Return type       @tab Option
@item @code{CABS(Z)}  @tab @code{COMPLEX(4) Z} @tab @code{REAL(4)}    @tab f95, gnu
@item @code{DABS(X)}  @tab @code{REAL(8)    X} @tab @code{REAL(8)}    @tab f95, gnu
@item @code{IABS(I)}  @tab @code{INTEGER(4) I} @tab @code{INTEGER(4)} @tab f95, gnu
@item @code{ZABS(Z)}  @tab @code{COMPLEX(8) Z} @tab @code{COMPLEX(8)} @tab gnu
@item @code{CDABS(Z)} @tab @code{COMPLEX(8) Z} @tab @code{COMPLEX(8)} @tab gnu
@end multitable
@end table



@node ACHAR
@section @code{ACHAR} --- Character in @acronym{ASCII} collating sequence 
@findex @code{ACHAR} intrinsic
@cindex @acronym{ASCII} collating sequence

@table @asis
@item @emph{Description}:
@code{ACHAR(I)} returns the character located at position @code{I}
in the @acronym{ASCII} collating sequence.

@item @emph{Option}:
f95, gnu

@item @emph{Class}:
elemental function

@item @emph{Syntax}:
@code{C = ACHAR(I)}

@item @emph{Arguments}:
@multitable @columnfractions .15 .80
@item @var{I} @tab The type shall be @code{INTEGER(*)}.
@end multitable

@item @emph{Return value}:
The return value is of type @code{CHARACTER} with a length of one.  The
kind type parameter is the same as  @code{KIND('A')}.

@item @emph{Example}:
@smallexample
program test_achar
  character c
  c = achar(32)
end program test_achar
@end smallexample
@end table



@node ACOS
@section @code{ACOS} --- Arc cosine function 
@findex @code{ACOS} intrinsic
@findex @code{DACOS} intrinsic
@cindex arc cosine

@table @asis
@item @emph{Description}:
@code{ACOS(X)} computes the arc cosine of @var{X}.

@item @emph{Option}:
f95, gnu

@item @emph{Class}:
elemental function

@item @emph{Syntax}:
@code{X = ACOS(X)}

@item @emph{Arguments}:
@multitable @columnfractions .15 .80
@item @var{X} @tab The type shall be @code{REAL(*)} with a magnitude that is
less than one.
@end multitable

@item @emph{Return value}:
The return value is of type @code{REAL(*)} and it lies in the
range @math{ 0 \leq \arccos (x) \leq \pi}.  The kind type
parameter is the same as @var{X}.

@item @emph{Example}:
@smallexample
program test_acos
  real(8) :: x = 0.866_8
  x = achar(x)
end program test_acos
@end smallexample

@item @emph{Specific names}:
@multitable @columnfractions .24 .24 .24 .24
@item Name            @tab Argument          @tab Return type       @tab Option
@item @code{DACOS(X)} @tab @code{REAL(8) X}  @tab @code{REAL(8)}    @tab f95, gnu
@end multitable
@end table



@node ADJUSTL
@section @code{ADJUSTL} --- Left adjust a string 
@findex @code{ADJUSTL} intrinsic
@cindex adjust string

@table @asis
@item @emph{Description}:
@code{ADJUSTL(STR)} will left adjust a string by removing leading spaces.
Spaces are inserted at the end of the string as needed.

@item @emph{Option}:
f95, gnu

@item @emph{Class}:
elemental function

@item @emph{Syntax}:
@code{STR = ADJUSTL(STR)}

@item @emph{Arguments}:
@multitable @columnfractions .15 .80
@item @var{STR} @tab The type shall be @code{CHARACTER}.
@end multitable

@item @emph{Return value}:
The return value is of type @code{CHARACTER} where leading spaces 
are removed and the same number of spaces are inserted on the end
of @var{STR}.

@item @emph{Example}:
@smallexample
program test_adjustl
  character(len=20) :: str = '   gfortran'
  str = adjustl(str)
  print *, str
end program test_adjustl
@end smallexample
@end table



@node ADJUSTR
@section @code{ADJUSTR} --- Right adjust a string 
@findex @code{ADJUSTR} intrinsic
@cindex adjust string

@table @asis
@item @emph{Description}:
@code{ADJUSTR(STR)} will right adjust a string by removing trailing spaces.
Spaces are inserted at the start of the string as needed.

@item @emph{Option}:
f95, gnu

@item @emph{Class}:
elemental function

@item @emph{Syntax}:
@code{STR = ADJUSTR(STR)}

@item @emph{Arguments}:
@multitable @columnfractions .15 .80
@item @var{STR} @tab The type shall be @code{CHARACTER}.
@end multitable

@item @emph{Return value}:
The return value is of type @code{CHARACTER} where trailing spaces 
are removed and the same number of spaces are inserted at the start
of @var{STR}.

@item @emph{Example}:
@smallexample
program test_adjustr
  character(len=20) :: str = 'gfortran'
  str = adjustr(str)
  print *, str
end program test_adjustr
@end smallexample
@end table



@node AIMAG
@section @code{AIMAG} --- Imaginary part of complex number  
@findex @code{AIMAG} intrinsic
@findex @code{DIMAG} intrinsic
@findex @code{IMAG} intrinsic
@findex @code{IMAGPART} intrinsic
@cindex Imaginary part

@table @asis
@item @emph{Description}:
@code{AIMAG(Z)} yields the imaginary part of complex argument @code{Z}.
The @code{IMAG(Z)} and @code{IMAGPART(Z)} intrinsic functions are provided
for compatibility with @command{g77}, and their use in new code is 
strongly discouraged.

@item @emph{Option}:
f95, gnu

@item @emph{Class}:
elemental function

@item @emph{Syntax}:
@code{X = AIMAG(Z)}

@item @emph{Arguments}:
@multitable @columnfractions .15 .80
@item @var{Z} @tab The type of the argument shall be @code{COMPLEX(*)}.
@end multitable

@item @emph{Return value}:
The return value is of type real with the
kind type parameter of the argument.

@item @emph{Example}:
@smallexample
program test_aimag
  complex(4) z4
  complex(8) z8
  z4 = cmplx(1.e0_4, 0.e0_4)
  z8 = cmplx(0.e0_8, 1.e0_8)
  print *, aimag(z4), dimag(z8)
end program test_aimag
@end smallexample

@item @emph{Specific names}:
@multitable @columnfractions .24 .24 .24 .24
@item Name            @tab Argument            @tab Return type       @tab Option
@item @code{DIMAG(Z)} @tab @code{COMPLEX(8) Z} @tab @code{REAL(8)}    @tab f95, gnu
@item @code{IMAG(Z)}  @tab @code{COMPLEX(*) Z} @tab @code{REAL(*)}    @tab gnu
@item @code{IMAGPART(Z)} @tab @code{COMPLEX(*) Z} @tab @code{REAL(*)} @tab gnu
@end multitable
@end table



@node AINT
@section @code{AINT} --- Imaginary part of complex number  
@findex @code{AINT} intrinsic
@findex @code{DINT} intrinsic
@cindex whole number

@table @asis
@item @emph{Description}:
@code{AINT(X [, KIND])} truncates its argument to a whole number.

@item @emph{Option}:
f95, gnu