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            (alignment point -optional, appears only if 72 group is

            present and nonzero).</pre>

    <pre>            the &quot;attribute flags&quot; are a bit-coded field in which the bits

            have the following meanings:</pre>

    <pre>              flag bit value                   meaning

                    1         attribute is invisible (does not display)

                    2         this is a constant attribute

                    4         verification is required on input of this

                              attribute.

                    8         attribute is preset (no prompt during

                              insertion)</pre>

    <pre>14

&#12;                                   (c) drawing interchange and file formats</pre>

    <pre>  attrib    10, 20, 30 (text start), 40 (text height), 1 (value, see text

            above for handling of ascii control characters), 2 (attribute

            tag), 70 (attribute flags; see attdef above), 73 (field

            length -optional 0), 50 (text rotation -optional 0), 41 (rel-

            ative x scale factor -optional 1), 51 (obliquing angle

            -optional 0), 7 (text style name -optional &quot;standard&quot;), 71

            (text generation flags -optional 0, see text above), 72 (text

            justification type -optional 0, see text above), 11, 21, 31

            (alignment point -optional, appears only if 72 group is

            present and nonzero).</pre>

    <pre>  polyline  66 (&quot;vertices follow flag&quot;), 70 (polyline flags), 40 (default

            starting width), 41 (default ending width), 71 and 72 (poly-

            gon mesh m and n vertex counts -optional 0), 73 and 74

            (smooth surface m and n densities -optional 0), 75 (smooth

            surface type -optional 0).  the default widths apply to any

            vertex that doesn't supply widths (see below).</pre>

    <pre>            the &quot;vertices follow&quot; flag is always 1, indicating that a

            series of vertex entities is expected to follow the polyline,

            terminated by a sequence end (seqend) entity.  the &quot;polyline

            flags&quot; group is a bit-coded field with bits defined as fol-

            lows:</pre>

    <pre>             flag bit value                    meaning

                    1        this is a closed polyline (or a polygon

                             mesh closed in the m direction)

                    2        curve-fit vertices have been added

                    4        spline-fit vertices have been added

                    8        this is a 3d polyline

                   16        this is a 3d polygon mesh.  group 75 indi-

                             cates the smooth surface type, as follows:</pre>

    <pre>                               0 = no smooth surface fitted

                               5 = quadratic b-spline surface

                               6 = cubic b-spline surface

                               8 = bezier surface</pre>

    <pre>                   32        the polygon mesh is closed in the n direc-

                             tion</pre>

    <pre>  vertex    10, 20, 30 (location), 40 (starting width -optional, see

            above), 41 (ending width -optional, see above), 42 (bulge),

            70 (vertex flags), 50 (curve fit tangent direction

            -optional).  the bulge is the tangent of 1/4 the included

            angle for an arc segment, made negative if the arc goes

            clockwise from the start point to the end point; a bulge of 0

            indicates a straight segment, and a bulge of 1 is a semicir-

            cle.  the meanings of the bit-coded &quot;vertex flags&quot; are shown

            in the following table.





</pre>

    <pre>                                                                         15

&#12;autocad reference manual</pre>

    <pre>             flag bit value                    meaning

                   1         extra vertex created by curve fitting

                   2         curve fit tangent defined for this vertex.

                             a curve fit tangent direction of 0 may be

                             omitted from the dxf output, but is signif-

                             icant if this bit is set.

                   4         unused (never set in dxf files)

                   8         spline vertex created by spline fitting

                   16        spline frame control point

                   32        3d polyline vertex

                   64        3d polygon mesh vertex</pre>

    <pre>  seqend    no fields.  this entity marks the end of vertices (vertex

            type name) for a polyline, or the end of attribute entities

            (attrib type name) for an insert entity that has attributes

            (indicated by 66 group present and nonzero in insert entity).</pre>

    <pre>  3dline    10, 20, 30 (start point), 11, 21, 31 (end point).</pre>

    <pre>  3dface    four points defining the corners of the face: (10, 20, 30),

            (11, 21, 31), (12, 22, 32), and (13, 23, 33).  70 (invisible

            edge flags -optional 0).  if only three points were entered

            (forming a triangular face), the third and fourth points will

            be the same.  the meanings of the bit-coded &quot;invisible edge

            flags&quot; are shown in the following table.</pre>

    <pre>                      flag bit value           meaning

                             1        first edge is invisible

                             2        second edge is invisible

                             4        third edge is invisible

                             8        fourth edge is invisible</pre>

    <pre>  dimension 2 (name of pseudo-block containing the current dimension pic-

            ture), 10, 20, 30 (definition point for all dimension types),

            11, 21, 31 (middle point of dimension text), 12, 22, 32

            (insertion point for clones of a dimension (for baseline and

            continue), 70 (dimension type; 0=rotated, horizontal, or ver-

            tical; 1=aligned; 2=angular; 3=diameter; 4=radius - the value

            128 is added to this field if the dimension text has been

            positioned at a user-defined location rather than at the

            default location), 1 (dimension text explicitly entered by

            the user.  if null, the dimension measurement is drawn as the

            text.  otherwise, this text is drawn (but if it includes the

            sequence &quot;&lt;&gt;&quot;, the dimension measurement is drawn in place of

            the &quot;&lt;&gt;&quot;)), 13, 23, 33 (definition point for linear and angu-

            lar dimensions), 14, 24, 34 (definition point for linear and

            angular dimensions), 15, 25, 35 (definition point for diame-

            ter, radius, and angular dimensions), 16, 26, 36 (point

            defining dimension arc for angular dimensions), 40 (leader

            length for radius and diameter dimensions), 50 (angle of

            rotated, horizontal, or vertical linear dimensions).



</pre>

    <pre>16

&#12;                                   (c) drawing interchange and file formats</pre>

    <pre>            in addition, all dimension types have an optional group (code

            51) that indicates the &quot;horizontal&quot; direction for the dimen-

            sion entity.  this determines the orientation of dimension

            text and dimension lines for horizontal, vertical and rotated

            linear dimensions.  the group value is the negative of the

            ecs angle of the ucs x axis in effect when the dimension was

            drawn.  in other words, the x axis of the ucs in effect when

            the dimension was drawn is always parallel to the xy plane

            for the dimension's ecs, and the angle between the ucs x axis

            and the ecs x axis is a single 2d angle.  the value in group

            51 is the angle from &quot;horizontal&quot; (the effective x axis) to

            the ecs x axis.  entity coordinate systems (ecs) are

            described later in this section.</pre>

    <pre>            for all dimension types, the following groups represent 3d

            wcs points, regardless of the flatland setting.</pre>

    <pre>                10, 20, 30

                13, 23, 33

                14, 24, 34

                15, 25, 35</pre>

    <pre>            for all dimension types, the following groups represent ecs

            points, and are 2d or 3d depending on the flatland setting.</pre>

    <pre>                11, 21(, 31)

                12, 22(, 32)

                16, 26(, 36)</pre>

    <pre>  linear    (13,23,33)   the point used to specify the first extension line.

            (14,24,34)   the point used to specify the second extension line.

            (10,20,30)   the point used to specify the dimension line.</pre>

    <pre>  angular   (13,23,33) and (14,24,34)  the endpoints of the first line

            (10,20,30) and (15,25,35)  the endpoints of the second line

            (16,26,36)                 the point used to specify the dimen-

                                       sion line arc</pre>

    <pre>  diameter  (15,25,35)   the point used to pick the circle/arc to dimension

            (10,20,30)   the point on that circle directly across from the

                         pick point.</pre>

    <pre>  radius    (15,25,35)   the point used to pick the circle/arc to dimension

            (10,20,30)   the center of that circle.

















</pre>

    <pre>                                                                         17

&#12;autocad reference manual</pre>

    <pre>entity coordinate systems (ecs)</pre>

    <pre>to save space in the drawing database (and in the dxf file), the points

associated with each entity are expressed in terms of its own entity coor-

dinate system (ecs).  the entity coordinate system allows autocad to use a

much more compact means of representation for entities.  with ecs, the only

additional information needed to describe its position in 3d space is the

3d vector describing the z axis of the ecs, and the elevation value.</pre>

    <pre>for a given z axis (or extrusion) direction, there is an infinite number of

coordinate systems, defined by translating the origin in 3d space and by

rotating the x and y axes around the z axis.  however, for the same z axis

direction, there is only one entity coordinate system.  it has the follow-

ing properties:</pre>

    <pre>  o  its origin coincides with the wcs origin.

  o  the orientation of the x and y axes within the xy plane are calcu-

     lated in an arbitrary, but consistent manner.  autocad performs

     this calculation using the &quot;arbitrary axis&quot; algorithm described

     below.</pre>

    <pre>for some entities, the ecs is equivalent to the world coordinate system and

all points (dxf groups 10-37) are expressed in world coordinates.  see the

following table.</pre>

    <pre>                  entities                        notes

        line, point, 3dface, 3d       these entities do not lie in

        polyline, 3d vertex, 3d       a particular plane.  all

        mesh, 3d mesh vertex          points are expressed in

                                      world coordinates.  of these

                                      entities, only lines and

                                      points can be extruded;

                                      their extrusion direction can

                                      differ from the world z axis.</pre>

    <pre>        circle, arc, solid, trace,    these entities are planar in

        text, attrib, attdef, shape,  nature.  all points are

        insert, 2d polyline, 2d       expressed in entity coordi-

        vertex                        nates.  all these entities

                                      can be extruded; their

                                      extrusion direction can

                                      differ from the world z axis.</pre>

    <pre>        dimension                     some of a dimension's points are

                                      expressed in wcs, and some in ecs.</pre>

    <pre>        others                        the remaining entities have

                                      no point data and their

                                      coordinate systems are

                                      therefore irrelevant.</pre>

    <pre>once autocad has established the ecs for a given entity, here's how it

works:</pre>

    <pre>18

&#12;                                   (c) drawing interchange and file formats</pre>

    <pre>  o  the elevation value stored with an entity indicates how far along

     the z axis to shift the xy plane from the wcs origin to make it

     coincide with the plane that the entity is in.  how much of this

     is the user-defined elevation is unimportant.

  o  any 2d points describing the entity that were entered through the

     ucs are transformed into the corresponding 2d points in the ecs,

     which (more often than not) is shifted and rotated with respect to

     the ucs.</pre>

    <pre>a few ramifications of this process are:</pre>

    <pre>  o  you can not reliably find out what ucs was in effect when an

     entity was acquired.  you can only find out where the entity is in

     the current ucs if the current ucs has the same z axis direction

     as the original ucs (i.e., they both reduce to the same ecs).

  o  when you enter the xy coordinates of an entity in a given ucs and

     then do a dxfout, you probably won't recognize those xy coordi-

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