stem.c

贝叶斯学习算法分类文本。基于朴素贝叶斯分类器的文本分类的通用算法

/* stem.c - the Porter algorithm for standardizing suffixes */

/* The Porter stemming algorithm is documented in: Porter, M.F., "An
   Algorithm For Suffix Stripping," Program 14 (3), July 1980,
   pp. 130-137.

   Author History:
   B. Frakes and C. Cox, 1986: Original authors.
   C. Fox, 1990: made measure function a DFA, restructured structs,
     renamed functions and variables, restricted function and variable scopes.
   C. Fox, July, 1991: added ANSI C declarations, branch tested 
     to 90% coverage.
   Andrew McCallum <[e-mail]> 1996: Changed to conform to GNU 
     coding standards.  Rest of history is in GNU-style ChangeLog file
     in this package.

   This code will make little sense without the the Porter article.
   The stemming function converts its input to lower case.
   */

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <ctype.h>

/* These used as return values. */
#define FALSE  0
#define TRUE   1

/* Used to test for end-of-string. */
#define EOS    '\0'

/* Returns non-zero if `c' is one of the five vowels. */
#define is_vowel(c) ('a'==(c)||'e'==(c)||'i'==(c)||'o'==(c)||'u'==(c))

/* The Porter stemming rules are stored as arrays of this structure. */
typedef struct
{
  int id;                 /* returned if rule fired */
  char *old_end;          /* suffix replaced */
  char *new_end;          /* suffix replacement */
  int old_offset;         /* from end of word to start of suffix */
  int new_offset;         /* from beginning to end of new suffix */
  int min_root_size;      /* min root word size for replacement */
  int (*condition)();     /* the replacement test function */
} rule_list;

/* Used when declaring rule_list's. */
static char LAMBDA[] = "";

/* Used to point to the end of the word that is currently being stem()'ed. */
static char *end;


/* word_size (word)
   Returns: int -- a weird count of word size in adjusted syllables
   Purpose: Count syllables in a special way:  count the number 
            vowel-consonant pairs in a word, disregarding initial 
            consonants and final vowels.  The letter "y" counts as a
            consonant at the beginning of a word and when it has a vowel
            in front of it; otherwise (when it follows a consonant) it
            is treated as a vowel.  For example, the word_size of "cat" 
            is 1, of "any" is 1, of "amount" is 2, of "anything" is 3.
   Plan:    Run a DFA to compute the word size
   Notes:   The easiest and fastest way to compute this funny measure is
            with a finite state machine.  The initial state 0 checks
            the first letter.  If it is a vowel, then the machine changes
            to state 1, which is the "last letter was a vowel" state.
            If the first letter is a consonant or y, then it changes
            to state 2, the "last letter was a consonant state".  In
            state 1, a y is treated as a consonant (since it follows
            a vowel), but in state 2, y is treated as a vowel (since
            it follows a consonant.  The result counter is incremented
            on the transition from state 1 to state 2, since this
            transition only occurs after a vowel-consonant pair, which
            is what we are counting.
*/

static int
word_size (const char *word)
{
  register int result;   /* word_size of the word */
  register int state;    /* current state in machine */

  result = 0;
  state = 0;

  /* Run a DFA to compute the word size */
  while (EOS != *word)
    {
      switch (state)
	{
	case 0:
	  state = (is_vowel (*word)) ? 1 : 2;
	  break;
	case 1:
	  state = (is_vowel (*word)) ? 1 : 2;
	  if (2 == state)
	    result++;
	  break;
	case 2:
	  state = (is_vowel (*word) || ('y' == *word)) ? 1 : 2;
	  break;
	}
      word++;
    }
  return (result);
}


/* contains_vowel (word)
   Returns: int -- TRUE (1) if the word parameter contains a vowel,
            FALSE (0) otherwise.
   Purpose: Some of the rewrite rules apply only to a root containing
            a vowel, where a vowel is one of "aeiou" or y with a
            consonant in front of it.
   Plan:    Obviously, under the definition of a vowel, a word contains
            a vowel iff either its first letter is one of "aeiou", or
            any of its other letters are "aeiouy".  The plan is to
            test this condition.
*/

static int
contains_vowel (const char *word)
{
  if (EOS == *word)
    return (FALSE);
  else
    return (is_vowel (*word) || (NULL != strpbrk(word+1,"aeiouy")));
}


/* ends_with_cvc (word)
   Returns: int -- TRUE (1) if the current word ends with a
            consonant-vowel-consonant combination, and the second
            consonant is not w, x, or y, FALSE (0) otherwise.
   Purpose: Some of the rewrite rules apply only to a root with
            this characteristic.
   Plan:    Look at the last three characters.
*/


static int
ends_with_cvc (const char *word)
{
  int length;         /* for finding the last three characters */

  if ((length = strlen(word)) <= 2)
    return (FALSE);
  else
    {
      end = (char*) word + length - 1;
      return ((NULL == strchr("aeiouwxy", *end--))      /* consonant */
	      && (NULL != strchr("aeiouy", *end--))     /* vowel */
	      && (NULL == strchr("aeiou", *end  )) );   /* consonant */
    }
}


/* add_an_e (word)
   Returns: int -- TRUE (1) if the current word meets special conditions
            for adding an e.
   Purpose: Rule 122 applies only to a root with this characteristic.
   Plan:    Check for size of 1 and a consonant-vowel-consonant ending.
*/

static int
add_an_e (const char *word)
{
  return ((1 == word_size (word)) && ends_with_cvc(word));
}


/* remove_an_e (word)
   Returns: int -- TRUE (1) if the current word meets special conditions
            for removing an e.
   Purpose: Rule 502 applies only to a root with this characteristic.
   Plan:    Check for size of 1 and no consonant-vowel-consonant ending.
*/

static int
remove_an_e (const char *word) 
{
  return ((1 == word_size (word)) && !ends_with_cvc (word));
}


/* replace_end (word, rule)
   Returns: int -- the id for the rule fired, 0 is none is fired
   Purpose: Apply a set of rules to replace the suffix of a word
   Plan:    Loop through the rule set until a match meeting all conditions
            is found.  If a rule fires, return its id, otherwise return 0.
            Connditions on the length of the root are checked as part of this
            function's processing because this check is so often made.
   Notes:   This is the main routine driving the stemmer.  It goes through
            a set of suffix replacement rules looking for a match on the
            current suffix.  When it finds one, if the root of the word
            is long enough, and it meets whatever other conditions are
            required, then the suffix is replaced, and the function returns.
*/

static int
replace_end (char *word, const rule_list *rule)
{
  register char *ending;   /* set to start of possible stemmed suffix */
  char tmp_ch;             /* save replaced character when testing */

  while (0 != rule->id)
    {
      ending = end - rule->old_offset;
      if (word <= ending)
	if (0 == strcmp (ending,rule->old_end))
	  {
            tmp_ch = *ending;
            *ending = EOS;
            if ((rule->min_root_size < word_size (word))
		&& (!rule->condition || (*rule->condition)(word)))
	      {
		strcat (word, rule->new_end);
		end = ending + rule->new_offset;
		break;
	      }
            *ending = tmp_ch;
	  }
      rule++;
    }

  return (rule->id);

}


/* The Porter stemming rules. */

static rule_list step1a_rules[] =
{
  {101,  "sses",      "ss",    3,  1, -1,  NULL},
  {102,  "ies",       "i",     2,  0, -1,  NULL},
  {103,  "ss",        "ss",    1,  1, -1,  NULL},
  {104,  "s",         LAMBDA,  0, -1, -1,  NULL},
  {000,  NULL,        NULL,    0,  0,  0,  NULL}
};

static rule_list step1b_rules[] =
{
  {105,  "eed",       "ee",    2,  1,  0,  NULL},
  {106,  "ed",        LAMBDA,  1, -1, -1,  contains_vowel},
  {107,  "ing",       LAMBDA,  2, -1, -1,  contains_vowel},
  {000,  NULL,        NULL,    0,  0,  0,  NULL}
};

static rule_list step1b1_rules[] =
{
  {108,  "at",        "ate",   1,  2, -1,  NULL},
  {109,  "bl",        "ble",   1,  2, -1,  NULL},
  {110,  "iz",        "ize",   1,  2, -1,  NULL},
  {111,  "bb",        "b",     1,  0, -1,  NULL},
  {112,  "dd",        "d",     1,  0, -1,  NULL},
  {113,  "ff",        "f",     1,  0, -1,  NULL},
  {114,  "gg",        "g",     1,  0, -1,  NULL},
  {115,  "mm",        "m",     1,  0, -1,  NULL},
  {116,  "nn",        "n",     1,  0, -1,  NULL},
  {117,  "pp",        "p",     1,  0, -1,  NULL},
  {118,  "rr",        "r",     1,  0, -1,  NULL},
  {119,  "tt",        "t",     1,  0, -1,  NULL},
  {120,  "ww",        "w",     1,  0, -1,  NULL},
  {121,  "xx",        "x",     1,  0, -1,  NULL},
  {122,  LAMBDA,      "e",    -1,  0, -1,  add_an_e},
  {000,  NULL,        NULL,    0,  0,  0,  NULL}
};

static rule_list step1c_rules[] =
{
  {123,  "y",         "i",      0,  0, -1,  contains_vowel},
  {000,  NULL,        NULL,    0,  0,  0,  NULL}
};

static rule_list step2_rules[] =
{
  {203,  "ational",   "ate",   6,  2,  0,  NULL},
  {204,  "tional",    "tion",  5,  3,  0,  NULL},
  {205,  "enci",      "ence",  3,  3,  0,  NULL},
  {206,  "anci",      "ance",  3,  3,  0,  NULL},
  {207,  "izer",      "ize",   3,  2,  0,  NULL},
  {208,  "abli",      "able",  3,  3,  0,  NULL},
  {209,  "alli",      "al",    3,  1,  0,  NULL},
  {210,  "entli",     "ent",   4,  2,  0,  NULL},
  {211,  "eli",       "e",     2,  0,  0,  NULL},
  {213,  "ousli",     "ous",   4,  2,  0,  NULL},
  {214,  "ization",   "ize",   6,  2,  0,  NULL},
  {215,  "ation",     "ate",   4,  2,  0,  NULL},
  {216,  "ator",      "ate",   3,  2,  0,  NULL},
  {217,  "alism",     "al",    4,  1,  0,  NULL},
  {218,  "iveness",   "ive",   6,  2,  0,  NULL},
  {219,  "fulnes",    "ful",   5,  2,  0,  NULL},
  {220,  "ousness",   "ous",   6,  2,  0,  NULL},
  {221,  "aliti",     "al",    4,  1,  0,  NULL},
  {222,  "iviti",     "ive",   4,  2,  0,  NULL},
  {223,  "biliti",    "ble",   5,  2,  0,  NULL},
  {000,  NULL,        NULL,    0,  0,  0,  NULL}
};

static rule_list step3_rules[] =
{
  {301,  "icate",     "ic",    4,  1,  0,  NULL},
  {302,  "ative",     LAMBDA,  4, -1,  0,  NULL},
  {303,  "alize",     "al",    4,  1,  0,  NULL},
  {304,  "iciti",     "ic",    4,  1,  0,  NULL},
  {305,  "ical",      "ic",    3,  1,  0,  NULL},
  {308,  "ful",       LAMBDA,  2, -1,  0,  NULL},
  {309,  "ness",      LAMBDA,  3, -1,  0,  NULL},
  {000,  NULL,        NULL,    0,  0,  0,  NULL}
};

static rule_list step4_rules[] =
{
  {401,  "al",        LAMBDA,  1, -1,  1,  NULL},
  {402,  "ance",      LAMBDA,  3, -1,  1,  NULL},
  {403,  "ence",      LAMBDA,  3, -1,  1,  NULL},
  {405,  "er",        LAMBDA,  1, -1,  1,  NULL},
  {406,  "ic",        LAMBDA,  1, -1,  1,  NULL},
  {407,  "able",      LAMBDA,  3, -1,  1,  NULL},
  {408,  "ible",      LAMBDA,  3, -1,  1,  NULL},
  {409,  "ant",       LAMBDA,  2, -1,  1,  NULL},
  {410,  "ement",     LAMBDA,  4, -1,  1,  NULL},
  {411,  "ment",      LAMBDA,  3, -1,  1,  NULL},
  {412,  "ent",       LAMBDA,  2, -1,  1,  NULL},
  {423,  "sion",      "s",     3,  0,  1,  NULL},
  {424,  "tion",      "t",     3,  0,  1,  NULL},
  {415,  "ou",        LAMBDA,  1, -1,  1,  NULL},
  {416,  "ism",       LAMBDA,  2, -1,  1,  NULL},
  {417,  "ate",       LAMBDA,  2, -1,  1,  NULL},
  {418,  "iti",       LAMBDA,  2, -1,  1,  NULL},
  {419,  "ous",       LAMBDA,  2, -1,  1,  NULL},
  {420,  "ive",       LAMBDA,  2, -1,  1,  NULL},
  {421,  "ize",       LAMBDA,  2, -1,  1,  NULL},
  {000,  NULL,        NULL,    0,  0,  0,  NULL}
};

static rule_list step5a_rules[] =
{
  {501,  "e",         LAMBDA,  0, -1,  1,  NULL},
  {502,  "e",         LAMBDA,  0, -1, -1,  remove_an_e},
  {000,  NULL,        NULL,    0,  0,  0,  NULL}
};

static rule_list step5b_rules[] =
{
  {503,  "ll",        "l",     1,  0,  1,  NULL},
  {000,  NULL,        NULL,    0,  0,  0,  NULL}
};


/* stem (word)
   Returns: int -- FALSE (0) if the word contains non-alphabetic characters
            and hence is not stemmed, TRUE (1) otherwise
   Purpose: Stem a word
   Plan:    Part 1: Check to ensure the word is all alphabetic
            Part 2: Run through the Porter algorithm
            Part 3: Return an indication of successful stemming
   Notes:   This function implements the Porter stemming algorithm, with
            a few additions here and there.  See:
               Porter, M.F., "An Algorithm For Suffix Stripping,"
               Program 14 (3), July 1980, pp. 130-137.
            Porter's algorithm is an ad hoc set of rewrite rules with
            various conditions on rule firing.  The terminology of
            "step 1a" and so on, is taken directly from Porter's
            article, which unfortunately gives almost no justification
            for the various steps.  Thus this function more or less
            faithfully refects the opaque presentation in the article.
            Changes from the article amount to a few additions to the
            rewrite rules;  these are marked in the rule_list data
            structures with comments.
*/

int
bow_stem_porter (char *word)
{
  int rule;    /* which rule is fired in replacing an end */

  /* Part 1: Check to ensure the word is all alphabetic */
  for (end = word; *end != EOS; end++)
    {
      if (!isalpha(*end))
	return (FALSE);
      else
	*end = tolower (*end);
    }
  end--;

  /*  Part 2: Run through the Porter algorithm */
  replace_end (word, step1a_rules);
  rule = replace_end (word, step1b_rules);
  if ((106 == rule) || (107 == rule))
    replace_end (word, step1b1_rules);
  replace_end (word, step1c_rules);
  replace_end (word, step2_rules);
  replace_end (word, step3_rules);
  replace_end (word, step4_rules);
  replace_end (word, step5a_rules);
  replace_end (word, step5b_rules);

  /* Part 3: Return an indication of successful stemming */
  return (TRUE);

}