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<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"><html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"><head><meta name="generator" content="HTML Tidy, see www.w3.org" /><title>FreeBSD Handbook</title><meta name="GENERATOR" content="Modular DocBook HTML Stylesheet Version 1.7" /><link rel="NEXT" title="Preface" href="book-preface.html" /><link rel="STYLESHEET" type="text/css" href="docbook.css" /></head><body class="BOOK" bgcolor="#FFFFFF" text="#000000" link="#0000FF" vlink="#840084"alink="#0000FF"><div class="BOOK"><a id="AEN1" name="AEN1"></a><div class="TITLEPAGE"><h1 class="TITLE"><a id="AEN2" name="AEN2">FreeBSD Handbook</a></h1><h3 class="CORPAUTHOR">The FreeBSD Documentation Project</h3><p class="COPYRIGHT"><a href="LEGALNOTICE.html">Copyright</a> © 1995, 1996, 1997,1998, 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 The FreeBSD Documentation Project</p><div><div class="ABSTRACT"><a id="AEN69" name="AEN69"></a><p>Welcome to FreeBSD! This handbook covers the installation and day to day use of <spanclass="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">FreeBSD 4.10-RELEASE</i></span> and <spanclass="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">FreeBSD 5.2.1-RELEASE</i></span>. This manual is a<span class="emphasis"><i class="EMPHASIS">work in progress</i></span> and is the work ofmany individuals. Many sections do not yet exist and some of those that do exist need tobe updated. If you are interested in helping with this project, send email to the <ahref="http://lists.FreeBSD.org/mailman/listinfo/freebsd-doc" target="_top">FreeBSDdocumentation project mailing list</a>. The latest version of this document is alwaysavailable from the <a href="http://www.FreeBSD.org/" target="_top">FreeBSD web site</a>.It may also be downloaded in a variety of formats and compression options from the <ahref="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/" target="_top">FreeBSD FTP server</a> or oneof the numerous <a href="mirrors-ftp.html">mirror sites</a>. If you would prefer to havea hard copy of the handbook, you can purchase one at the <ahref="http://www.freebsdmall.com/" target="_top">FreeBSD Mall</a>. You may also want to<a href="../../../../search/index.html" target="_top">search the handbook</a>.</p></div></div><div class="DOCFORAMTNAVI">[ <a href="./index.html">Split HTML</a> / <ahref="./book.html">Single HTML</a> ]</div><hr /></div><div class="TOC"><dl><dt><b>Table of Contents</b></dt><dt><a href="book-preface.html">Preface</a></dt><dt>I. <a href="getting-started.html">Getting Started</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>1 <a href="introduction.html">Introduction</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>1.1 <a href="introduction.html#INTRODUCTION-SYNOPSIS">Synopsis</a></dt><dt>1.2 <a href="nutshell.html">Welcome to FreeBSD!</a></dt><dt>1.3 <a href="history.html">About the FreeBSD Project</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>2 <a href="install.html">Installing FreeBSD</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>2.1 <a href="install.html#INSTALL-SYNOPSIS">Synopsis</a></dt><dt>2.2 <a href="install-pre.html">Pre-installation Tasks</a></dt><dt>2.3 <a href="install-start.html">Starting the Installation</a></dt><dt>2.4 <a href="using-sysinstall.html">Introducing Sysinstall</a></dt><dt>2.5 <a href="install-steps.html">Allocating Disk Space</a></dt><dt>2.6 <a href="install-choosing.html">Choosing What to Install</a></dt><dt>2.7 <a href="install-media.html">Choosing Your Installation Media</a></dt><dt>2.8 <a href="install-final-warning.html">Committing to the Installation</a></dt><dt>2.9 <a href="install-post.html">Post-installation</a></dt><dt>2.10 <a href="install-supported-hardware.html">Supported Hardware</a></dt><dt>2.11 <a href="install-trouble.html">Troubleshooting</a></dt><dt>2.12 <a href="install-advanced.html">Advanced Installation Guide</a></dt><dt>2.13 <a href="install-diff-media.html">Preparing Your Own Installation Media</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>3 <a href="basics.html">UNIX Basics</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>3.1 <a href="basics.html#BASICS-SYNOPSIS">Synopsis</a></dt><dt>3.2 <a href="consoles.html">Virtual Consoles and Terminals</a></dt><dt>3.3 <a href="permissions.html">Permissions</a></dt><dt>3.4 <a href="dirstructure.html">Directory Structure</a></dt><dt>3.5 <a href="disk-organization.html">Disk Organization</a></dt><dt>3.6 <a href="mount-unmount.html">Mounting and Unmounting File Systems</a></dt><dt>3.7 <a href="basics-processes.html">Processes</a></dt><dt>3.8 <a href="basics-daemons.html">Daemons, Signals, and Killing Processes</a></dt><dt>3.9 <a href="shells.html">Shells</a></dt><dt>3.10 <a href="editors.html">Text Editors</a></dt><dt>3.11 <a href="basics-devices.html">Devices and Device Nodes</a></dt><dt>3.12 <a href="binary-formats.html">Binary Formats</a></dt><dt>3.13 <a href="basics-more-information.html">For More Information</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>4 <a href="ports.html">Installing Applications: Packages and Ports</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>4.1 <a href="ports.html#PORTS-SYNOPSIS">Synopsis</a></dt><dt>4.2 <a href="ports-overview.html">Overview of Software Installation</a></dt><dt>4.3 <a href="ports-finding-applications.html">Finding Your Application</a></dt><dt>4.4 <a href="packages-using.html">Using the Packages System</a></dt><dt>4.5 <a href="ports-using.html">Using the Ports Collection</a></dt><dt>4.6 <a href="ports-nextsteps.html">Post-installation Activities</a></dt><dt>4.7 <a href="ports-broken.html">Dealing with Broken Ports</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>5 <a href="x11.html">The X Window System</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>5.1 <a href="x11.html#X11-SYNOPSIS">Synopsis</a></dt><dt>5.2 <a href="x-understanding.html">Understanding X</a></dt><dt>5.3 <a href="x-install.html">Installing X11</a></dt><dt>5.4 <a href="x-config.html">X11 Configuration</a></dt><dt>5.5 <a href="x-fonts.html">Using Fonts in X11</a></dt><dt>5.6 <a href="x-xdm.html">The X Display Manager</a></dt><dt>5.7 <a href="x11-wm.html">Desktop Environments</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>II. <a href="common-tasks.html">Common Tasks</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>6 <a href="desktop.html">Desktop Applications</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>6.1 <a href="desktop.html#DESKTOP-SYNOPSIS">Synopsis</a></dt><dt>6.2 <a href="desktop-browsers.html">Browsers</a></dt><dt>6.3 <a href="desktop-productivity.html">Productivity</a></dt><dt>6.4 <a href="desktop-viewers.html">Document Viewers</a></dt><dt>6.5 <a href="desktop-finance.html">Finance</a></dt><dt>6.6 <a href="desktop-summary.html">Summary</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>7 <a href="multimedia.html">Multimedia</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>7.1 <a href="multimedia.html#MULTIMEDIA-SYNOPSIS">Synopsis</a></dt><dt>7.2 <a href="sound-setup.html">Setting Up the Sound Card</a></dt><dt>7.3 <a href="sound-mp3.html">MP3 Audio</a></dt><dt>7.4 <a href="video-playback.html">Video Playback</a></dt><dt>7.5 <a href="tvcard.html">Setting Up TV Cards</a></dt><dt>7.6 <a href="scanners.html">Image Scanners</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>8 <a href="kernelconfig.html">Configuring the FreeBSD Kernel</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>8.1 <a href="kernelconfig.html#KERNELCONFIG-SYNOPSIS">Synopsis</a></dt><dt>8.2 <a href="kernelconfig-custom-kernel.html">Why Build a Custom Kernel?</a></dt><dt>8.3 <a href="kernelconfig-building.html">Building and Installing a CustomKernel</a></dt><dt>8.4 <a href="kernelconfig-config.html">The Configuration File</a></dt><dt>8.5 <a href="kernelconfig-nodes.html">Making Device Nodes</a></dt><dt>8.6 <a href="kernelconfig-trouble.html">If Something Goes Wrong</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>9 <a href="printing.html">Printing</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>9.1 <a href="printing.html#PRINTING-SYNOPSIS">Synopsis</a></dt><dt>9.2 <a href="printing-intro-spooler.html">Introduction</a></dt><dt>9.3 <a href="printing-intro-setup.html">Basic Setup</a></dt><dt>9.4 <a href="printing-advanced.html">Advanced Printer Setup</a></dt><dt>9.5 <a href="printing-using.html">Using Printers</a></dt><dt>9.6 <a href="printing-lpd-alternatives.html">Alternatives to the StandardSpooler</a></dt><dt>9.7 <a href="printing-troubleshooting.html">Troubleshooting</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>10 <a href="linuxemu.html">Linux Binary Compatibility</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>10.1 <a href="linuxemu.html#LINUXEMU-SYNOPSIS">Synopsis</a></dt><dt>10.2 <a href="linuxemu-lbc-install.html">Installation</a></dt><dt>10.3 <a href="linuxemu-mathematica.html">Installing <spanclass="TRADEMARK">Mathematica</span>®</a></dt><dt>10.4 <a href="linuxemu-maple.html">Installing <spanclass="TRADEMARK">Maple</span>™</a></dt><dt>10.5 <a href="linuxemu-matlab.html">Installing <spanclass="TRADEMARK">MATLAB</span>®</a></dt><dt>10.6 <a href="linuxemu-oracle.html">Installing <spanclass="TRADEMARK">Oracle</span>®</a></dt><dt>10.7 <a href="sapr3.html">Installing <spanclass="TRADEMARK">SAP</span>® <span class="TRADEMARK">R/3</span>®</a></dt><dt>10.8 <a href="linuxemu-advanced.html">Advanced Topics</a></dt></dl></dd></dl></dd><dt>III. <a href="system-administration.html">System Administration</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>11 <a href="config-tuning.html">Configuration and Tuning</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>11.1 <a href="config-tuning.html#CONFIG-SYNOPSIS">Synopsis</a></dt><dt>11.2 <a href="configtuning-initial.html">Initial Configuration</a></dt><dt>11.3 <a href="configtuning-core-configuration.html">Core Configuration</a></dt><dt>11.4 <a href="configtuning-appconfig.html">Application Configuration</a></dt><dt>11.5 <a href="configtuning-starting-services.html">Starting Services</a></dt><dt>11.6 <a href="configtuning-cron.html">Configuring the <tt class="COMMAND">cron</tt>Utility</a></dt><dt>11.7 <a href="configtuning-rcng.html">Using rc under FreeBSD 5.X</a></dt><dt>11.8 <a href="config-network-setup.html">Setting Up Network Interface Cards</a></dt><dt>11.9 <a href="configtuning-virtual-hosts.html">Virtual Hosts</a></dt><dt>11.10 <a href="configtuning-configfiles.html">Configuration Files</a></dt><dt>11.11 <a href="configtuning-sysctl.html">Tuning with sysctl</a></dt><dt>11.12 <a href="configtuning-disk.html">Tuning Disks</a></dt><dt>11.13 <a href="configtuning-kernel-limits.html">Tuning Kernel Limits</a></dt><dt>11.14 <a href="adding-swap-space.html">Adding Swap Space</a></dt><dt>11.15 <a href="acpi-overview.html">Power and Resource Management</a></dt><dt>11.16 <a href="acpi-debug.html">Using and Debugging FreeBSD <acronymclass="ACRONYM">ACPI</acronym></a></dt></dl></dd><dt>12 <a href="boot.html">The FreeBSD Booting Process</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>12.1 <a href="boot.html#BOOT-SYNOPSIS">Synopsis</a></dt><dt>12.2 <a href="boot-introduction.html">The Booting Problem</a></dt><dt>12.3 <a href="boot-blocks.html">The MBR, and Boot Stages One, Two, and Three</a></dt><dt>12.4 <a href="boot-kernel.html">Kernel Interaction During Boot</a></dt><dt>12.5 <a href="device-hints.html">Device Hints</a></dt><dt>12.6 <a href="boot-init.html">Init: Process Control Initialization</a></dt><dt>12.7 <a href="boot-shutdown.html">Shutdown Sequence</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>13 <a href="users.html">Users and Basic Account Management</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>13.1 <a href="users.html#USERS-SYNOPSIS">Synopsis</a></dt><dt>13.2 <a href="users-introduction.html">Introduction</a></dt><dt>13.3 <a href="users-superuser.html">The Superuser Account</a></dt><dt>13.4 <a href="users-system.html">System Accounts</a></dt><dt>13.5 <a href="users-user.html">User Accounts</a></dt><dt>13.6 <a href="users-modifying.html">Modifying Accounts</a></dt><dt>13.7 <a href="users-limiting.html">Limiting Users</a></dt><dt>13.8 <a href="users-personalizing.html">Personalizing Users</a></dt><dt>13.9 <a href="users-groups.html">Groups</a></dt></dl></dd><dt>14 <a href="security.html">Security</a></dt><dd><dl><dt>14.1 <a href="security.html#SECURITY-SYNOPSIS">Synopsis</a></dt><dt>14.2 <a href="security-intro.html">Introduction</a></dt><dt>14.3 <a href="securing-freebsd.html">Securing FreeBSD</a></dt>⌨️ 快捷键说明
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