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<title>GNU Compiler Collection (GCC) Internals</title>
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This file documents the internals of the GNU compilers.
<br><p>
<p>Published by the Free Software Foundation<br>
59 Temple Place - Suite 330<br>
Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA
<br><p>
Copyright © 1988, 1989, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998,
1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
<p>Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2 or
any later version published by the Free Software Foundation; with the
Invariant Sections being "GNU General Public License" and "Funding
Free Software", the Front-Cover texts being (a) (see below), and with
the Back-Cover Texts being (b) (see below). A copy of the license is
included in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
<p>(a) The FSF's Front-Cover Text is:
<p>A GNU Manual
<p>(b) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is:
<p>You have freedom to copy and modify this GNU Manual, like GNU
software. Copies published by the Free Software Foundation raise
funds for GNU development.
<div class="shortcontents">
<h2>Short Contents</h2>
<ul>
<li><a href="index.html#toc_Top">Introduction</a></li>
<li><a href="index.html#toc_Contributing">Contributing to GCC Development</a></li>
<li><a href="index.html#toc_Portability">GCC and Portability</a></li>
<li><a href="index.html#toc_Interface">Interfacing to GCC Output</a></li>
<li><a href="index.html#toc_Languages">Language Front Ends in GCC</a></li>
<li><a href="index.html#toc_Source%20Tree">Source Tree Structure and Build System</a></li>
<li><a href="index.html#toc_Passes">Passes and Files of the Compiler</a></li>
<li><a href="index.html#toc_Trees">Trees: The intermediate representation used by the C and C++ front ends</a></li>
<li><a href="index.html#toc_RTL">RTL Representation</a></li>
<li><a href="index.html#toc_Machine%20Desc">Machine Descriptions</a></li>
<li><a href="index.html#toc_Target%20Macros">Target Description Macros and Functions</a></li>
<li><a href="index.html#toc_Host%20Config">Host Configuration Headers</a></li>
<li><a href="index.html#toc_Fragments">Makefile Fragments</a></li>
<li><a href="index.html#toc_Collect2"><code>collect2</code></a></li>
<li><a href="index.html#toc_Header%20Dirs">Standard Header File Directories</a></li>
<li><a href="index.html#toc_Type%20Information">Memory Management and Type Information</a></li>
<li><a href="index.html#toc_Funding">Funding Free Software</a></li>
<li><a href="index.html#toc_GNU%20Project">The GNU Project and GNU/Linux</a></li>
<li><a href="index.html#toc_Copying">GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE</a></li>
<li><a href="index.html#toc_GNU%20Free%20Documentation%20License">GNU Free Documentation License</a></li>
<li><a href="index.html#toc_Contributors">Contributors to GCC</a></li>
<li><a href="index.html#toc_Option%20Index">Option Index</a></li>
<li><a href="index.html#toc_Index">Index</a></li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="contents">
<h2>Table of Contents</h2>
<ul>
<li><a name="toc_Top" href="index.html#Top">Introduction</a>
<li><a name="toc_Contributing" href="Contributing.html#Contributing">Contributing to GCC Development</a>
<li><a name="toc_Portability" href="Portability.html#Portability">GCC and Portability</a>
<li><a name="toc_Interface" href="Interface.html#Interface">Interfacing to GCC Output</a>
<li><a name="toc_Languages" href="Languages.html#Languages">Language Front Ends in GCC</a>
<li><a name="toc_Source%20Tree" href="Source-Tree.html#Source%20Tree">Source Tree Structure and Build System</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="Configure-Terms.html#Configure%20Terms">Configure Terms and History</a>
<li><a href="Top-Level.html#Top%20Level">Top Level Source Directory</a>
<li><a href="gcc-Directory.html#gcc%20Directory">The <code>gcc</code> Subdirectory</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="Subdirectories.html#Subdirectories">Subdirectories of <code>gcc</code></a>
<li><a href="Configuration.html#Configuration">Configuration in the <code>gcc</code> Directory</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="Config-Fragments.html#Config%20Fragments">Scripts Used by <code>configure</code></a>
<li><a href="System-Config.html#System%20Config">The <code>config.gcc</code> File</a>
<li><a href="Configuration-Files.html#Configuration%20Files">Files Created by <code>configure</code></a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="Build.html#Build">Build System in the <code>gcc</code> Directory</a>
<li><a href="Makefile.html#Makefile">Makefile Targets</a>
<li><a href="Library-Files.html#Library%20Files">Library Source Files and Headers under the <code>gcc</code> Directory</a>
<li><a href="Headers.html#Headers">Headers Installed by GCC</a>
<li><a href="Documentation.html#Documentation">Building Documentation</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="Texinfo-Manuals.html#Texinfo%20Manuals">Texinfo Manuals</a>
<li><a href="Man-Page-Generation.html#Man%20Page%20Generation">Man Page Generation</a>
<li><a href="Miscellaneous-Docs.html#Miscellaneous%20Docs">Miscellaneous Documentation</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="Front-End.html#Front%20End">Anatomy of a Language Front End</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="Front-End-Directory.html#Front%20End%20Directory">The Front End <code></code><var>language</var><code></code> Directory</a>
<li><a href="Front-End-Config.html#Front%20End%20Config">The Front End <code>config-lang.in</code> File</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="Back-End.html#Back%20End">Anatomy of a Target Back End</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="Test-Suites.html#Test%20Suites">Test Suites</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="Test-Idioms.html#Test%20Idioms">Idioms Used in Test Suite Code</a>
<li><a href="C-Tests.html#C%20Tests">C Language Test Suites</a>
<li><a href="libgcj-Tests.html#libgcj%20Tests">The Java library test suites.</a>
<li><a href="gcov-Testing.html#gcov%20Testing">Support for testing <code>gcov</code></a>
<li><a href="profopt-Testing.html#profopt%20Testing">Support for testing profile-directed optimizations</a>
<li><a href="compat-Testing.html#compat%20Testing">Support for testing binary compatibility</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
<li><a name="toc_Passes" href="Passes.html#Passes">Passes and Files of the Compiler</a>
<li><a name="toc_Trees" href="Trees.html#Trees">Trees: The intermediate representation used by the C and C++ front ends</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="Deficiencies.html#Deficiencies">Deficiencies</a>
<li><a href="Tree-overview.html#Tree%20overview">Overview</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="Macros-and-Functions.html#Macros%20and%20Functions">Trees</a>
<li><a href="Identifiers.html#Identifiers">Identifiers</a>
<li><a href="Containers.html#Containers">Containers</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="Types.html#Types">Types</a>
<li><a href="Scopes.html#Scopes">Scopes</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="Namespaces.html#Namespaces">Namespaces</a>
<li><a href="Classes.html#Classes">Classes</a>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="Declarations.html#Declarations">Declarations</a>
<li><a href="Functions.html#Functions">Functions</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="Function-Basics.html#Function%20Basics">Function Basics</a>
<li><a href="Function-Bodies.html#Function%20Bodies">Function Bodies</a>
<ul>
<li><a href="Function-Bodies.html#Function%20Bodies">Statements</a>
</li></ul>
</li></ul>
<li><a href="Attributes.html#Attributes">Attributes in trees</a>
<li><a href="Expression-trees.html#Expression%20trees">Expressions</a>
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