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Node:<a name="Bug%20Reporting">Bug Reporting</a>,

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<h3 class="section">How to report bugs</h3>



   <p>A number of companies and individuals offer support for <small>GNU</small> products.  If

you obtained <code>as</code> from a support organization, we recommend you

contact that organization first.



   <p>You can find contact information for many support companies and

individuals in the file <code>etc/SERVICE</code> in the <small>GNU</small> Emacs

distribution.



   <p>In any event, we also recommend that you send bug reports for <code>as</code>

to <code>bug-binutils@gnu.org</code>.



   <p>The fundamental principle of reporting bugs usefully is this:

<strong>report all the facts</strong>.  If you are not sure whether to state a

fact or leave it out, state it!



   <p>Often people omit facts because they think they know what causes the problem

and assume that some details do not matter.  Thus, you might assume that the

name of a symbol you use in an example does not matter.  Well, probably it does

not, but one cannot be sure.  Perhaps the bug is a stray memory reference which

happens to fetch from the location where that name is stored in memory;

perhaps, if the name were different, the contents of that location would fool

the assembler into doing the right thing despite the bug.  Play it safe and

give a specific, complete example.  That is the easiest thing for you to do,

and the most helpful.



   <p>Keep in mind that the purpose of a bug report is to enable us to fix the bug if

it is new to us.  Therefore, always write your bug reports on the assumption

that the bug has not been reported previously.



   <p>Sometimes people give a few sketchy facts and ask, "Does this ring a

bell?"  Those bug reports are useless, and we urge everyone to

<em>refuse to respond to them</em> except to chide the sender to report

bugs properly.



   <p>To enable us to fix the bug, you should include all these things:



     <ul>

<li>The version of <code>as</code>.  <code>as</code> announces it if you start

it with the <code>--version</code> argument.



     <p>Without this, we will not know whether there is any point in looking for

the bug in the current version of <code>as</code>.



     </p><li>Any patches you may have applied to the <code>as</code> source.



     <li>The type of machine you are using, and the operating system name and

version number.



     <li>What compiler (and its version) was used to compile <code>as</code>--e.g. 

"<code>gcc-2.7</code>".



     <li>The command arguments you gave the assembler to assemble your example and

observe the bug.  To guarantee you will not omit something important, list them

all.  A copy of the Makefile (or the output from make) is sufficient.



     <p>If we were to try to guess the arguments, we would probably guess wrong

and then we might not encounter the bug.



     </p><li>A complete input file that will reproduce the bug.  If the bug is observed when

the assembler is invoked via a compiler, send the assembler source, not the

high level language source.  Most compilers will produce the assembler source

when run with the <code>-S</code> option.  If you are using <code>gcc</code>, use

the options <code>-v --save-temps</code>; this will save the assembler source in a

file with an extension of <code>.s</code>, and also show you exactly how

<code>as</code> is being run.



     <li>A description of what behavior you observe that you believe is

incorrect.  For example, "It gets a fatal signal."



     <p>Of course, if the bug is that <code>as</code> gets a fatal signal, then we

will certainly notice it.  But if the bug is incorrect output, we might not

notice unless it is glaringly wrong.  You might as well not give us a chance to

make a mistake.



     <p>Even if the problem you experience is a fatal signal, you should still say so

explicitly.  Suppose something strange is going on, such as, your copy of

<code>as</code> is out of synch, or you have encountered a bug in the C

library on your system.  (This has happened!)  Your copy might crash and ours

would not.  If you told us to expect a crash, then when ours fails to crash, we

would know that the bug was not happening for us.  If you had not told us to

expect a crash, then we would not be able to draw any conclusion from our

observations.



     </p><li>If you wish to suggest changes to the <code>as</code> source, send us context

diffs, as generated by <code>diff</code> with the <code>-u</code>, <code>-c</code>, or <code>-p</code>

option.  Always send diffs from the old file to the new file.  If you even

discuss something in the <code>as</code> source, refer to it by context, not

by line number.



     <p>The line numbers in our development sources will not match those in your

sources.  Your line numbers would convey no useful information to us. 

</ul>



   <p>Here are some things that are not necessary:



     <ul>

<li>A description of the envelope of the bug.



     <p>Often people who encounter a bug spend a lot of time investigating

which changes to the input file will make the bug go away and which

changes will not affect it.



     <p>This is often time consuming and not very useful, because the way we

will find the bug is by running a single example under the debugger

with breakpoints, not by pure deduction from a series of examples. 

We recommend that you save your time for something else.



     <p>Of course, if you can find a simpler example to report <em>instead</em>

of the original one, that is a convenience for us.  Errors in the

output will be easier to spot, running under the debugger will take

less time, and so on.



     <p>However, simplification is not vital; if you do not want to do this,

report the bug anyway and send us the entire test case you used.



     </p><li>A patch for the bug.



     <p>A patch for the bug does help us if it is a good one.  But do not omit

the necessary information, such as the test case, on the assumption that

a patch is all we need.  We might see problems with your patch and decide

to fix the problem another way, or we might not understand it at all.



     <p>Sometimes with a program as complicated as <code>as</code> it is very hard to

construct an example that will make the program follow a certain path through

the code.  If you do not send us the example, we will not be able to construct

one, so we will not be able to verify that the bug is fixed.



     <p>And if we cannot understand what bug you are trying to fix, or why your

patch should be an improvement, we will not install it.  A test case will

help us to understand.



     </p><li>A guess about what the bug is or what it depends on.



     <p>Such guesses are usually wrong.  Even we cannot guess right about such

things without first using the debugger to find the facts. 

</ul>



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