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<p style="line-height: 200%" align="center" ><b>基 本 定 律</b> </p>
<p style="line-height: 200%">谓词演算中永真蕴含基本定律的可以通过以下几种途径获得： </p>
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1.由永真命题公式获得：用谓词公式取代命题演算中的命题变元。</b>
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<p style="line-height: 200%"> 如:
<img src="image/renyi.gif" width="9" height="11">xA(x)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/cunzai.gif" width="7" height="11" >yB(y)<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9"><img src="image/renyi.gif" width="9" height="11">xA(x)
P<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">Q<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">P<br>
<img src="image/cunzai.gif" width="7" height="11" >xA(x)<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9"><img src="image/renyi.gif" width="9" height="11">xA(x)<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15"><img src="image/cunzai.gif" width="7" height="11" >yB(y)
P<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">P<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">Q
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<p style="line-height: 200%"><b>2.每个永真式都是两个永真蕴含式。</b>
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<p style="line-height: 200%"> 如: <img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5"><img src="image/renyi.gif" width="9" height="11">xA(x)<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9"><img src="image/cunzai.gif" width="7" height="11">x<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">A(x)<br>
<img src="image/cunzai.gif" width="7" height="11">x<img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5">A(x)<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9"><img src="image/fei.gif" width="10" height="5"><img src="image/renyi.gif" width="9" height="11">xA(x)
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<p style="line-height: 200%"><b>3.利用有关量词的几个定律：</b> </p>
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<img src="image/renyi.gif" width="9" height="11">xA(x)<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15"><img src="image/renyi.gif" width="9" height="11">xB(x)<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9"><img src="image/renyi.gif" width="9" height="11">x(A(x)<img src="image/xiqu.gif" width="9" height="15">B(x))<br>
<img src="image/cunzai.gif" width="7" height="11" >x(A(x)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11">B(x))<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9"><img src="image/cunzai.gif" width="7" height="11" >xA(x)<img src="image/hequ.gif" width="9" height="11"><img src="image/cunzai.gif" width="7" height="11" >xB(x)<br>
<img src="image/cunzai.gif" width="7" height="11" >xA(x)<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9"><img src="image/renyi.gif" width="9" height="11">xB(x)<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9"><img src="image/renyi.gif" width="9" height="11">x(A(x)<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">B(x))<br>
<img src="image/renyi.gif" width="9" height="11">x(A(x)<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">B(x))<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9"><img src="image/renyi.gif" width="9" height="11">xA(x)<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9"><img src="image/renyi.gif" width="9" height="11">xB(x) </p>
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<p style="line-height: 200%"> 除了上述公式以外,在推理过程中还有4条规则,这4条腿这都是有条件的,这里的A<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">B,不一定表示A<img src="image/yunhan.gif" width="15" height="9">B永真,只表示"在一定条件下,A为真,B也为真". </p>
<p style="line-height: 200%"><b>4.谓词演算的推理规则：</b> </p>
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<p style="line-height: 200%"><b>规则 US (全称特定化规则): </b><img src="image/renyi.gif" width="9" height="11">xA(x)<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">A(y)<br>
<b>其中</b>,y为个体常元或变元,但是不在A(x)中出现过.</p>
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<p style="line-height: 200%"><b>规则 UG (全称一般化规则):</b>
A(y)<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9"><img src="image/renyi.gif" width="9" height="11">xA(x)<br>
<b>其中</b>,x为自由变元,且不在A(y)中出现.</p>
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<p style="line-height: 200%"><b>规则 ES (存在特定化规则):</b>
<img src="image/cunzai.gif" width="7" height="11" >xA(x)<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9">A(C)<br>
<b>其中,C</b>为个体常元,A(C)成立,且A(x)中不含x以外的自由变元.</p>
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<p style="line-height: 200%"><b>规则 EG (存在一般化规则):</b>
A(C)<img src="image/tuichu.gif" width="15" height="9"><img src="image/cunzai.gif" width="7" height="11" >xA(x)<br>
<b>其中,C</b>为个体常元,A(C)成立,C不在A(x)中出现,且A(x)中不含x以外的自由变元.</p>
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